Part 30 Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines. Click on PDF to download from Part 3 5th Industrial Revolution - Personalisation [“Human and AI” “Science-Info-Tech”] From Current Dates to 2020 AD [Refer to Part 1 to 3 for the explanatory overview of how the contents are structured and timelines are mapped.] 2023: [9.16] Notable innovations: a genetically engineered marine microorganism for breaking down PET in salt water. Over 14 million tons of plastic litter ends up in the ocean every year, killing thousands of animals and birds that ingest it. Much of it ends up amassing in giant garbage patches and over time breaking down into smaller microscopic pieces that are harmful to marine life. Researchers had genetically engineered a marine microorganism to break down plastic in salt water. The modified organism could break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a contributor to microplastic pollution in oceans that was use...
Part 30
Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.
Click on PDF to download from Part 3
5th Industrial Revolution - Personalisation
[“Human and AI” “Science-Info-Tech”]
From Current Dates to 2020 AD
[Refer to Part 1 to 3 for the explanatory overview of how the contents are structured and timelines are mapped.]
2023: [9.16] Notable innovations: a genetically engineered marine microorganism for breaking down PET in salt water. Over 14 million tons of plastic litter ends up in the ocean every year, killing thousands of animals and birds that ingest it. Much of it ends up amassing in giant garbage patches and over time breaking down into smaller microscopic pieces that are harmful to marine life. Researchers had genetically engineered a marine microorganism to break down plastic in salt water. The modified organism could break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a contributor to microplastic pollution in oceans that was used in everything from water bottles to clothing. To address this issue, the researchers worked with two species of bacteria. The first, Vibrio natriegens, thrives in saltwater and reproduces very quickly. The second, Ideonella sakaiensis, produces enzymes that enable it to break down and metabolize PET. The researchers took the DNA from I. sakaiensis and incorporated its genetic sequence into a plasmid. Plasmids are genetic sequences that can replicate in a cell, independent of the cell's own chromosome. By introducing the plasmid containing the I. sakaiensis genes into V. natriegens bacteria, the researchers were able to get V. natriegens to produce the desired enzymes on the surfaces of their cells. The researchers then demonstrated that V. natriegens could break down PET in a saltwater environment at room temperature. Biocatalysis is the use of isolated enzymes or whole cells (bacteria, fungi, microalgae and plants, among others) as catalysts in organic reactions. The meaning of "depolymerize” is to decompose (macromolecules) into simpler compounds such as monomers. Halophile is an organism that needs high salt concentrations for growth. A widely used Halophile definition is that of Kushner and Kamekura (1988). Nonpathogenic organisms are those that do not cause disease, harm or death to another organism. The term is usually used to describe bacteria. It describes a property of a bacterium, its inability to cause disease. Most bacteria are nonpathogenic. Researchers leveraged synthetic biology to develop a whole-cell biocatalyst capable of depolymerizing PET in seawater environments by using the fast-growing, nonpathogenic, moderate halophile Vibrio natriegens. By leveraging a two-enzyme system comprising a chimera of IsPETase and IsMHETase from Ideonella sakaiensis, displayed on V. natriegens, we constructed whole-cell catalysts that depolymerize PET and convert it into its monomers in salt-containing media and at a temperature of 30 °C. A genetic chimerism or chimera is a single organism composed of cells with more than one distinct genotype; the molecular mechanism of PETase and MHETase from Ideonella sakaiensis (IsPETase and IsMHETase, respectively) worked sequentially to degrade PET to its constituent monomers. This was the first time anyone had reported successfully getting V. natriegens to express foreign enzymes on the surface of its cells, said Nathan Crook, corresponding author of the paper on the work, published in the AIChE Journal, and a chemical and biomolecular engineer at North Carolina State University. The work was done with funding support from the U.S. National Science Foundation. From a practical standpoint, this was also the first genetically engineered organism that we knew of that was capable of breaking down PET microplastics in saltwater, said Tianyu Li of NC State, first author of the paper. The researchers acknowledged that additional hurdles had to be addressed, but "breaking down the PET in saltwater was the most challenging" part of their work, according to Crook. Researchers had genetically engineered a marine microorganism to break down plastic in salt water. Specifically, the modified organism could break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a plastic used in everything from water bottles to clothing that was a significant contributor to microplastic pollution in oceans.
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Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay
[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]
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1:https://themorningnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/fileL9N6YHG4-768x632.jpg
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3:https://research-highlights.keio.ac.jp/uploads/2018/05/5716ff7d140ba090338b4568-1.jpg
8:https://us.idyllic.app/gen/marine-plastic-pollution-494369?highlighted=1798074
10:https://livelovefruit.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/giant-dead-whale.jpg
12:https://cdn4.dogonews.com/images/135a3d8d-cdc5-42f8-9398-d9e3d4c658f2/bact2-699x466.jpg
14:https://cdn.technologynetworks.com/tn/images/body/picture-by-y-zhang1617788718746.jpg
17:https://static.toiimg.com/thumb/resizemode-4,width-1280,height-720,msid-103735285/103735285.jpg
18:https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aic.18228
19:https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Bacterial-Transformation-768x403.jpg
20:https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/0b8a255c629ab4f8c259b2f9799dc21dc05fe70c.png
22:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2666790821000434-gr4_lrg.jpg
23:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2666386423001066-fx1_lrg.jpg
24:https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/71iJ50cc64L._UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.jpg
25:https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61T0jf9-E1L._UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.jpg
26:https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-0-306-48053-9?as=webp
28:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S096085242301341X-ga1_lrg.jpg
29:https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aic.18228
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31:https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1869/4869/files/IMG_4342_large.jpg?v=1519877575
33:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Rose_Chimera.jpg
36:https://www.boredpanda.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/5eeb516b0c6ef-png__700.jpg
37:https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*b3Y4456l4uqXZG21aPSqcA.jpeg
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39:https://facultyclusters.ncsu.edu/content/uploads/2016/04/microbiomes_new.jpg
43:https://cbe.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Professor-Nathan-Crook-cropped-345x352-2.png
44:https://www.collegeadvisor.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/N.C._Research_Campus_aerial_image.jpg
Video Sources: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
48:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/105682346-coconut-octopus-uses-plastic-garbage-shelter
50:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/99876931-ocean-pollution-aerial
51:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/119752176-worlds-most-polluted-beach-plastic-marine-debris
52:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/111685371-worlds-most-polluted-beach-plastic-marine-debris
55:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/91508881-undewater-pollution-medium-dof-version
56:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/111535462-oceans-pollution-tires-cemetary-underwater
64:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/20510063-genetics-manipulation
65:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/305167723-vibrio-bacteria
66:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/263150773-flagellum-structure
67:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/305167464-structure-bacteria-3d-animation
68:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/73899091-bacteria-cells-multiple-flagella
69:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/72652773-abstract-cells-or-bacterias-division
70:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/229942969-bacteria-are-small-single-celled-organisms
71:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/232967612-waste-eating-bacteria-3d-animation-render
74:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/305167815-vibrio-or-comma-shaped-bacteria
82:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/11286554-bacteria-colony-sample-hd-800x
83:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/44560096-bacteria-under-microscope-deep-focus-loop-blue
84:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/43862737-bacteria-seen-microscope-4k
86:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/8561873-bacteria_008
87:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/178648541-cutibacterium-bacteria-skin-animation
88:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/178588913-baby-acquiring-microbiome
89:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/178588602-microbiome-hands
94:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/232967611-waste-eating-bacteria-3d-animation-render
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 3 for all consolidated references for all parts.
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