Part 18 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 18

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Click on PDF to download from Part 3

5th Industrial Revolution - Personalisation

[“Human and AI” “Science-Info-Tech”]

From Current Dates to 2020 AD

[Refer to Part 1 to 3 for the explanatory overview of how the contents are structured and timelines are mapped.]

2023: [11.15] Researchers reported the development of a highly effective CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing method without expensive viral vectors, enabling novel anti-cancer CAR-T cell therapies. A viral vector is a modified virus used as a means to deliver a target gene to the host cell. The CRISPR/Cas9 system, which was initially derived from bacterial adaptive immune systems, had revolutionized gene editing in the life sciences and provided a powerful tool for studying human tumors. As research in cancer treatment advanced, addressing challenges in genome editing was crucial. This involved improving target specificity, reducing off-target effects, and solving the delivery issue of the CRISPR system. Conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, while widely employed worldwide, were limited in their complexity when dealing with tumors. A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that form in your body. Tumors can affect tissues, glands, organs, skin and bone. Radiotherapy means the use of radiation, usually X-rays, to treat cancer. There are 2 main types: external and internal radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Consequently, there was an urgent need for novel cancer therapy or newly discovered strategies. Meanwhile, genome editing tools had demonstrated great promise in cancer treatment, offering significant advantages by targeting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to control tumor growth and progression. An oncogene is a mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer. These tools included zinc finger endonuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease9: (CRISPR/Cas9) system. Among these, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, as a third generation gene editing tool, exhibited several advantages over ZFN and TALEN, such as high efficiency, simple design, rapid operation, and low cost. The CRISPR/Cas system, which originally evolved as a bacterial immune system to defend against infections and plasmid transfers in nature, had been ingeniously repurposed by scientists into a sophisticated genetic editing tool. Plasmid refers to the separated DNA molecule from chromosomal DNA, which has the ability to replicate on its own. The CRISPR/Cas system could be categorized into six main types and two main classes: class I consisted of (types I, III, and IV) and class II composed of (types II, V, and VI), based on the CRISPR/Cas loci classification. A locus (or loci, plural) is the actual location of the gene on a region of a chromosome. Type I, II, and V systems recognized and cleaved DNA, while type VI edited RNA, and type III edited both DNA and RNA. Each system possessed unique attributes, including varying protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) regions, diverse Cas protein dimensions, and different cleavage sites. A protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) is a base pair DNA from 2 to 6 sequence immediately following the DNA sequence targeted by the Cas9 nuclease in the CRISPR bacterial adaptive immune system. CAR-T cells, a type of immunotherapy, represented a significant milestone in personalized cancer treatment. They had emerged as a potent or powerful therapeutic option for patients with cancers, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (MM). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare blood cancer. It affects more children than adults. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that starts from white blood cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone marrow; bone marrow: the soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones. Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell cancer with high mortality and morbidity rates.

Resources APP Composition

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Video Maker

PowerDirector

Picture Maker

Social Media Post Maker stylish app world Art & Design

In-text voice

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP3 volume-increase conversion

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[Super Sound Editor: Music Audio Editor, MP3 Cutter]

Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

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[quirky-quip-funny-comedy-203667]

[pizzicato-160436]

Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a6dd/11581867/0ee22dd217ac/fimmu-15-1462697-g003.jpg

2:https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41375-024-02444-y/MediaObjects/41375_2024_2444_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp

3:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mingyao-Liu/publication/377932665/figure/fig1/AS:11431281231503114@1711454653280/Gene-therapy-vectors-and-effectors-Commonly-used-gene-therapy-vectors-include-viral-and.png

4:https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQFvFhGnFwz_UQ/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/B56ZUdlYW3HQAI-/0/1739958093969?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=MfjUQdg9YaFGRJ5wZepY4-zz5r0kVZZf7vT1CcqDYe4

5:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1476558624000666-ga1_lrg.jpg