Part 19 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 19

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

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2023: [11.15] The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had approved multiple CAR-T-cell products for treatment of large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. Large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) refers to several subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) when your body produces too many leukocytes or white blood cells. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a bone marrow and blood cancer mainly affecting children. Follicular lymphoma is a very slow-growing and incurable cancer that appears in your lymph nodes, bone marrow and other organs. Mantle cell lymphoma is a rare blood cancer that starts in white blood cells in your lymph nodes. Furthermore, CAR-T-cell research had shown promise in addressing solid tumors such as glioma, gastric cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, and liver cancer. A glioma is a tumor in the brain or spinal cord. Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer; it usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. CAR-T cells were genetically modified T cells designed to express or activate and produce Chimeric Antigen Receptors “CARs”. Chimeric Antigen Receptors “CARs” is a special receptor created in the laboratory that is designed to bind to certain proteins on cancer cells. T cells are a type of white blood cell. T cells are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. T cells help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer. Also called T lymphocyte and thymocyte. These synthetic proteins of CAR-T cells guided these immune cells to tumor antigens, allowing them to specifically identify and attach to proteins on the surface of tumor cells; tumor antigen is a protein or other molecule that is found only on cancer cells and not on normal cells. This process activated T cells and enhanced their antitumor activity, ultimately leading to the elimination of cells expressing the antigen. The CRISPR/Cas9 system offered a promising avenue for enhancing the anticancer response of CAR-T cells through genetic engineering. Traditional T-cell therapies often resulted in T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion. To enhance the performance and longevity of engineered T cells, Stadtmauer et al. conducted ablation or removal of two genes encoding the endogenous or internally derived in T-cell receptor (TCR) chains, namely TCRα (TRAC) and TCRβ (TRBC). These genes played crucial roles in the assembly and expression of the T-cell receptor complex; receptor is a molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell. By eliminating them, the natural T-cell receptor was effectively removed, enabling T cells to exclusively recognize and target cancer cells through the synthetic CAR receptor. This not only reduced the risk of T cells erroneously attacking healthy cells but also decreased the likelihood of “TCR” T-cell receptor mismatching. Researchers reported the development of a highly effective CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing method without expensive viral vectors, enabling novel anti-cancer CAR-T cell therapies. A viral vector is a modified virus used as a means to deliver a target gene to the host cell.

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I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours

Part 13 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 19 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

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