Part 21 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 21

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

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2023: [10.23] The first successful transplant of a functional cryopreserved mammalian kidney was reported. The study demonstrated a "nano-warming" technique for vitrification for up-to-100 days preservation of transplant organs. Sourced from [https://twin-cities.umn.edu] titled: “Researchers perform first successful transplant of functional cryopreserved rat kidney” Currently, about 20% of kidneys donated for transplantation each year couldn’t be used, often because these organs could not be kept on ice for longer than a few hours and did not reach recipients in time. Long-term cryopreservation methods like vitrification, cooling an organ in cryoprotective chemicals so fast it avoided forming ice, had been around for decades. Vitrification is an ultra-rapid method of cryopreservation whereby the embryo is transitioned from 37°C to −196°C in less than 1 second, resulting in extremely fast rates of cooling. High concentrations of cryoprotectants together with rapid cooling rates are essential to cryopreserve embryos in a vitrified, glass-like state. Vitrification, one approach to avoid damage due to ice formation, is to use ice-free cryopreservation, known as vitrification, to reduce the potential toxicity of high solute concentrations below 0°C and avoid ice crystallization and growth. However, the biggest problem had been the inability to rewarm them without major damage from ice or cracking. The University of Minnesota team developed a specialized nano-warming process that warmed the organ rapidly and uniformly from within rather than just at its surface. Their revolutionary method used iron oxide nanoparticles dispersed throughout a cryoprotectant solution which was flushed through the organ’s blood vessels. The iron oxide nanoparticles acted as tiny heaters throughout the organ when activated using noninvasive electromagnetic waves. Importantly, the iron oxide nanoparticles could be washed out after rewarming. In this study, authored by postdoctoral researchers Zonghu Han (mechanical engineering) and Joseph Sushil Rao (surgery), the team showed that rat kidneys could be cryogenically stored for up to 100 days, successfully rewarmed, cleared of cryoprotective fluids and nanoparticles, and transplanted into rats. When the kidneys were transplanted, the five rat recipients were able to restore full kidney function within 30 days without additional interventions. During the first two to three weeks, the kidneys weren’t at full function, but by three weeks, they recovered. By one month, they were fully functioning kidneys that were completely indistinguishable from transplants of a fresh organ, said the study’s co-senior author Erik Finger, a transplant surgeon and professor of surgery at the University of Minnesota Medical School. Finger said that in transplants with humans, far more interventions would occur, including medicines and dialysis to assist the kidney for the weeks right after transplantation. Dialysis is a treatment that filters and purifies the blood using a machine. The kidneys filter your blood by removing waste and excess fluid from your body. This waste is sent to the bladder to be eliminated when you urinate. When your kidneys can’t perform well due to disease or injury, dialysis can help keep the body running. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys perform only 10% to 15% of their typical function. Without dialysis, salts and other waste products accumulate in the blood and can damage other organs. None of this was done with the rats, and they were still able to survive the process with restoration of full kidney function. We had been working on this process for years to make sure everything was in place before we transplanted it into a rat, said Michael Etheridge, a principal research engineer in the University’s mechanical engineering department. Still, it was a very complicated process. We weren’t surprised this worked, but we weren’t going to be surprised if it didn’t work. I was very proud of our team.

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://theonion.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/340559f1f599cc7c8e5d105ff89b537b.jpg?resize=768,432

2:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maimoona-Azhar/publication/269188453/figure/fig1/AS:601612791869455@1520447075221/Procured-kidney-stored-in-LifePort-kidney-transporter-O.png

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6:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353844696/figure/fig1/AS:11431281172944456@1688711069843/Schematic-flow-of-kidney-nanowarming-The-kidney-is-hypothermically-0-4-C-perfused.png