Part 25 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 25

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

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2023: [10.23] The first successful transplant of a functional cryopreserved mammalian kidney was reported. The study demonstrated a "nano-warming" technique for vitrification for up-to-100 days preservation of transplant organs. Sourced from [frontiersin.org] titled: “Supercooling: a promising technique for prolonged preservation in solid organ transplantation, and early perspectives in vascularized composite allografts.” From the perspective of temperature, machine perfusion can be classified into four categories: HMP “hypothermic machine perfusion” (0°C to 12°C), MMP “mid-thermic machine perfusion” (13°C to 24°C), SNMP “subnormothermic machine perfusion” (25°C to 34°C), and NMP “normothermic machine perfusion” (35°C to 38°C). As metabolic activity increases exponentially with increasing temperature, the required amount of oxygen to be delivered varies greatly with perfusion temperature. Oxygen delivery in machine perfusion can be broadly controlled by the incorporation or non-incorporation of oxygenators into the perfusion circuit, the addition or non-addition of an oxygen carrier (packed red blood cells, hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier) into the perfusate, and the composition of oxygenation gases (ambient air, 100% O2, carbogen, mixed air/oxygen). An oxygenator is a medical device that is capable of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood of human patients during surgical procedures that may necessitate the interruption or cessation of blood flow in the body, a critical organ or great blood vessel. Carbogen is a gas mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2 and allows measurement of tissue oxygenation and perfusion with magnetic resonance imaging after administration to patients. Regulating metabolic activity levels using perfusion temperatures not only contributes to graft protection by normalizing energy metabolism, but also enables viability assessments by raising energy metabolism to evaluable levels. The purpose of machine perfusion is to maintain organ vitality, repair and pretreat the organs. During machine perfusion, the donor organ is usually connected to a pressure-controlled perfusion apparatus that continuously pumps the perfusate through the blood vessels of the organ. This static storage technique was a simpler approach to prolonged SNMP or even Normothermic Machine Perfusion (NMP) that had also been shown suitable for multi-day liver preservation. The core principle was that cell metabolism decreased with temperature and that reaching sub-zero temperatures while avoiding ice nucleation, allowed maintaining the organ in an optimal hibernation state for extended preservation: The lower temperature decreased the need for energy expenditure, water loss, mitochondrial respiration and ATP consumption. Mitochondrial respiration is the set of metabolic reactions and processes requiring oxygen that takes place in mitochondria to convert the energy stored in macronutrients to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy donor in the cell. The nucleation of ice is vital in cloud physics and impacts on a broad range of matters from the cryopreservation of food, tissues, organs, and stem cells to the prevention of icing on aircraft wings, bridge cables, wind turbines, and other structures. Ice nucleation thus has broad implications in medicine, food engineering, mineralogy, biology, and other fields. Contact nucleation can occur if an ice nucleus collides with a supercooled droplet, but the more important mechanism of freezing is when an ice nucleus becomes immersed in a supercooled water droplet and then triggers freezing. In the absence of an ice nucleating particle, pure water droplets can persist in a supercooled state to temperatures approaching -37°C where they freeze homogeneously.

Homogeneous freezing is the process by which a supercooled liquid drop freezes without the assistance of an ice nuclei. Homogeneous freezing becomes statistically more likely as temperature decreases such that below -39°C all drops will freeze. However, each organ and cell type responded differently to preservation conditions due to their different composition, metabolism requirements, and function. Therefore, significant optimization was critical, especially for transposing these recent techniques to VCA. The objective here was to review the use of supercooling in solid organ transplantation and to provide insight into the application and challenges of supercooling VCA “Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation” in animal models.

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221012005337/en/Organ-Recovery-Systems-LifePort-Kidney-Transporter-Awarded-Exclusive-Contract-for-Kidney-Transplant-Preservation-Services-in-Belgium

2:https://www.mdpi.com/bioengineering/bioengineering-10-01415/article_deploy/html/images/bioengineering-10-01415-g001.png

3:https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/files/Articles/10355/ti-35-10355-HTML-r1/image_m/ti-35-10355-g001.jpg

4:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322599514/figure/fig1/AS:963438436184065@1606713031144/Graphic-presentation-of-techniques-for-machine-perfusion-Abbreviations-SCS-static-cold.gif

5:https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/8ca7/5132023/24b2513d1586/AJT-16-2932-g003.jpg

6:https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F075407d3-59b3-4ae0-8483-203d53e522ed_1584x885.png

7:https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41581-023-00750-9/MediaObjects/41581_2023_750_Fig1_HTML.png

8:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353844696/figure/fig1/AS:11431281172944456@1688711069843/Schematic-flow-of-kidney-nanowarming-The-kidney-is-hypothermically-0-4-C-perfused.png