Part 37 Timeline_the untold

Part 37 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 37
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN P

907 AD to 960 AD

5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms

Duration: 53 years

All of these key summaries from Part 36 to Part 40 are from the [AI overview] & my self amendments for this column period and are forward thinking to the next period timelines, which is verifiable on the internet and evidential in existing museum recollection and our known rationales.

Animals Used for Transporting Messages & Messengers in medieval periods:

Horses: The primary animal for fast, land-based communication. Messenger services relied heavily on horses to carry human riders over vast distances, especially for royal, papal, and mercantile relating to merchants, trade, or commerce communication. Papal is pope of the Roman Catholic Church, Bishop of Rome. Mules “an animal whose mother is a horse and whose father is a donkey”: Preferred for endurance and traversing difficult terrain (such as mountain passes), making them reliable for carrying documents over far distant destinations. Asses (Donkeys): Frequently used by members of religious orders or monks acting as couriers, as riding one was often seen as a sign of humility or modesty. Camels: Used, particularly in the Middle East, for transporting goods and sometimes messages across desert terrain. Falcons or Hawks: While not used to deliver messages, they were often employed to intercept or destroy enemy messenger pigeons during sieges. A siege is a military blockade of a fortified location, aiming to capture it by cutting off supplies (attrition) or active assault. Middle East: The Zengid and Ayyubid dynasties (such as Sultan Nur ad-Din in the mid-12th century) operated sophisticated pigeon posts, connecting Baghdad with Syria, which was much more advanced than contemporary European systems. Mongol Empire: Relied on a massive, rapid relay horse messenger system known as the "Yam" or "Ortoo," covering vast stretches of Asia and Europe. The Yam (or Örtöö) was a sophisticated, fast-paced courier and relay system established by Genghis Khan to support the Mongol Empire’s expansion. Featuring stations roughly every 20-30 miles across 12,000+ miles, it provided fresh horses, food, and lodging for riders, enabling unprecedented communication speed and logistical support. The network was designed for swift military communication, intelligence gathering, and diplomatic travel across the empire.

How medieval people interacted and communicated in the ancient times:

Compared to modern languages, Tamil, Sanskrit, and Latin are generally considered significantly more difficult to learn, particularly for English speakers, while Malay is considered relatively easy. The first spoken language in the world is unknown, as language likely emerged 50,000–100,000 years ago, long before writing. However, the oldest verified written language is Sumerian, which appeared around 3500–3100 BC in Mesopotamia using cuneiform script. Other early written contenders include Ancient Egyptian, while Tamil is considered one of the oldest living languages. Cuneiform, meaning "wedge-shaped," is one of the oldest writing systems, developed by Sumerians in Mesopotamia around 3200 BC. It was created by pressing a reed stylus or “ancient reed pen” into soft clay tablets to record information, spanning languages like Sumerian, Akkadian, and Hittite for over 3,000 years.

Medieval people communicated across Europe, Asia, and between empires primarily through specialized interpreters, multilingual merchants, and a few common "lingua franca" languages (Latin, Persian, Greek). Diplomacy involved extensive use of translators, while trade along routes like the Silk Road necessitated bilingualism and non-verbal signals. Interpreters and Translators: Rulers and traders hired specialized interpreters, often individuals raised in borderland areas who could speak multiple languages. Multilingual Diplomats: Kings and nobles were frequently educated in multiple languages to handle foreign relations directly or through trusted diplomats. Trade Routes: Merchants in port cities and along the Silk Road were essential bridges, using a mix of common phrases, gestures, and pidgin languages to negotiate. From [https://www.britannica.com]: pidgin, originally, a language that typically developed out of sporadic and limited contacts between Europeans and non-Europeans in locations other than Europe from the 16th through the early 19th century and often in association with trade, plantation agriculture, and mining.

Private Messengers: Written, official correspondence was delivered by private couriers, and in some contexts, such as during the Crusades, pigeons were utilized for rapid message delivery. Visual Communication: In addition to spoken language, official communication was bolstered by visual methods, including banners, heraldic coats of arms to identify noble rank on the battlefield, and pilgrim badges. From [Wikipedia]: Pilgrim badges are decorations worn by some of those who undertake a Christian pilgrimage to a place considered holy by the Church. They became very popular among Catholics in the later medieval period. By the later Middle Ages, thin, precious metal badges were being produced that were perfectly designed for being sewn into books. Manuscripts survive with badges still in them, or indents on the pages where they once were. It is often possible to identify the shrine from the indentation.

Medieval communication between the Tang Dynasty, Khmer Empire, Tondo, Srivijaya, Pandyan, and Chola dynasties was dominated by maritime trade routes, using Sanskrit and Tamil for diplomacy or religion and Malay as a lingua franca for commerce. Maritime Trade & Language: Srivijaya controlled crucial Straits (Malacca or Sunda), acting as a language broker where Old Malay was used for trade, while Sanskrit was used for administration. [https://www.ebsco.com] Source: Lingua franca refers to a language that is commonly understood and used for communication among people who speak different native languages. The term originated in the Middle Ages, describing a mixed language used by Mediterranean traders, blending Italian and French elements. Over time, this concept expanded to include languages that facilitate communication in multilingual settings, influenced by social, cultural, and political factors. Historically significant lingua francas include Aramaic, Greek, Latin, and Arabic, each serving as a bridge across diverse linguistic communities.

The next 12 items of COLUMN P “907 AD to 960 AD” continued on Part 40.

SOURCE COMPOSITION

PC Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech

Transkriptor]

[Odify - PDF Speaker and Reader

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Mapache Dev]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech
King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 tag and album art maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor.]

MP3 volume-increase conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer]

[Super Sound Editor: Music Audio Editor, MP3 Cutter]

Photo maker for album art cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker stylish app world Art & Design]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB Zilory app]

Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[audioknap-china-414032]

[audioknap-epic-music-421851]

Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://firehorserefuge.org/role-of-horses-in-civilization/

2:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DoZP4r5GP/

3:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1AeL4pFcrw/

4:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Bnb8tTdKX/

5:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GiQpt3tD9/

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CMtHgNKxg/

7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FZ8TTsbH1/

8:https://factanimal.com/mule/

9:https://www.kfar-kedem.com/ancient-donkey-wisdom