Part 38 Timeline_the untold

Part 38 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 38
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN P

907 AD to 960 AD

5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms

Duration: 53 years

How medieval people made payment for the trade and certified the transaction:

From [AI overview] & myself amendments: Currency: The Tang Dynasty is famous for the “Kaiyuan Tongbao” bronze coins, which became the standard for centuries, starting in 621 CE. Trade Mediums: While coins were primary, silver was used in large transactions. The Tang dynasty also saw the earliest use of "flying cash" (Feiqian), which were paper certificates similar to bank drafts, used to pay local merchants to avoid transporting heavy metal money. Influence: These bronze coins were widely used in international trade and found in large numbers at archaeological sites in Southeast Asia.

During the medieval period (roughly 7th to 13th centuries CE), trade across the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia was facilitated by a mix of local metallic currencies, high-value Chinese copper coins, and precious metals. Interaction between these empires, especially the Srivijayan and Chola efforts to control maritime routes, created a shared commercial environment.

Infrastructural medium of medieval trade

From [Wikipedia]: dhows are trading vessels primarily used to carry heavy items, such as fruit, fresh water, or other heavy merchandise, along the coasts of Eastern Arabia, Iran, East Africa, Yemen and coastal South Asia. Navigation Instruments: Arab dhows and Indian ships utilized the kamal and astrolabe, alongside early compass technology for navigation. The kamal and astrolabe are both historical Arab navigational instruments designed to determine a ship’s latitude by measuring the altitude of celestial bodies. While the complex, metallic [astrolabe] maps stars for timekeeping and navigation, the simple, wooden [kamal] uses a card and string to measure the North Star's height, offering a cheaper alternative. Port Infrastructure: Key hubs were developed along the coast of Sumatra and the Strait of Malacca, in southern India, and Canton. Canton (now Guangzhou) in pre-modern and early modern history was a vital, walled maritime trading hub in southern China. A trading hub is a central, strategic geographic location—such as a city, port, or region—where goods, finance, or information are concentrated, exchanged, and redistributed. Chola Dynasty (South India): Conducted vast maritime trade with Srivijaya and China, utilizing advanced shipbuilding. Khmer Empire (Angkor): Engaged in trade largely via maritime channels connecting to their inland river networks, with cultural exchanges facilitated by sea. Overland routes relied on canals, riverboats, and pack animals (elephants or horses) for internal movement, notably in the Khmer Empire and China. Tang Dynasty (China): Encouraged maritime routes for sea trade and used extensive internal river transport (e.g., Grand Canal) for trade goods. Khmer Empire: Focused on waterways for transporting building materials and trade goods throughout the empire. Medieval trade among these regions (7th–13th centuries) was dominated by maritime transport, specifically utilizing large sailing ships (junks and dhows) to connect the Chola and Pandyan coasts with Srivijaya, Tondo, and Tang China via the Strait of Malacca.

Medieval trade: Record and documentation of the transaction

Tamil-Brahmi (3rd century BC) is the oldest script for Tamil, which evolved into the Pallava script 4th–9th century CE. Pallava, a Southern Brahmi derivative, served as the basis for Southeast Asian scripts and Kawi 7th–10th century CE, which became the ancestor of Javanese and Filipino scripts.

Chinese official chronicles, primarily known as the Twenty-Four Histories, constitute an authoritative collection of historical works documenting Chinese dynasties from the Yellow Emperor to the Ming dynasty 1644. The Yellow Emperor, also known as the Yellow Thearch or Huangdi (simplified Chinese: 黄帝), was a legendary Chinese sovereign and culture hero included among the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. These Chinese official chronicles histories were commissioned by imperial courts, written by official Bureau of History bureaus, and generally followed the annals-biography format established by Sima Qian. The annals-biography format, known in Chinese as Jizhuanti, was established by the Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian (145–86 BC) in his monumental work, the Shiji “Records of the Grand Historian”. The Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) is named "Yellow" primarily because his reign was believed to be governed by the virtue of the Earth element in ancient Chinese cosmology, which is symbolized by the color yellow. He was regarded as a ruler of the center (Yellow Dragon), embodying wisdom, power, and the earth. Although the color yellow became associated with royalty in later dynasties, the title Huangdi originally conveyed a "godly ruler" or "august thearch," rather than just a colored monarch. Symbolic Myth: Some legends attribute the name to a sacred yellow dragon that appeared during his reign or his association with the yellow earth, symbolizing his role in agriculture & unity.

Medieval trade records from the 7th-13th centuries across these regions primarily utilized inscribed copper plates (Tamil-Brahmi, Pallava, Kawi scripts), stone inscriptions (Sanskrit, Old Malay), and Chinese official chronicles. These documents recorded maritime taxes, tax exemptions for guilds, diplomatic missions, and land grants for religious institutions, ensuring trust along maritime routes connecting the Srivijaya, Khmer, Tondo, Chola, and Tang empires. From [Wikipedia]: A guild is a professional association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft or trade in a particular territory. The word derived from medieval Europe where guilds were probably at their most extensive, but it has been used to describe similar groups before and after that period and in other parts of the world.

The next 12 items of COLUMN P “907 AD to 960 AD” continued on Part 40.

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Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://www.historyhoard.com/cdn/shop/files/kaiyuan_tongbao_in_box_2048x.jpg?v=1760118352

2:https://www.historyhoard.com/cdn/shop/files/IMG_9023_2000x.jpg?v=1760118352

3:https://www.amazon.com/Wixine-Chinese-Ancient-Tang-Dynasty/dp/B08DXYLC4P

4:https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54281403227_15fcab4523_z.jpg

5:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Chinese_Coin_String_%2815440214103%29.jpg

6:https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/six-qing-dynasty-chinese-silver-sycee-yuanbao-mon-59-c-fe247b09a0?srsltid=AfmBOoqw2yNraF5hestqyobrmIcsBb5YJj_SFArnrYBgEXPKywveL0lG

7:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Han_Coin_Mould.jpg/1920px-Han_Coin_Mould.jpg

8:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HNoK7wPtd/

9:https://fiatplanet.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/26451_410798019135_291702994135_5191505_8033119_n.jpg