Part 39 Timeline_the untold

Part 39 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 39
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN P

907 AD to 960 AD

5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms

Duration: 53 years

Medieval trade: Record and documentation of the transaction

From [AI overview] & myself amendments: Key Document Types: Copper Plates “Tamra-shasana” or ancient Indian copper-plate inscriptions: Used in India and Java for permanent records of grants and taxes. Stone Inscriptions (Prasasti): Used throughout Southeast Asia for royal decrees. Chinese Customs Records: Detailed shipping lists. Srivijaya Empire (Sumatra and Malay Peninsula): Utilized stone inscriptions like Telaga Batu from the 7th-century Srivijaya Empire “curse on traitors intended to intimidate anyone who violates the king's orders” and Kota Kapur to assert authority. The kingdom controlled the Strait of Malacca, necessitating records of tolls and shipping, with intense interaction with Chinese trade networks. Tolls in shipping are fees paid for using specific infrastructure like roads, bridges, or canals to ensure faster, more reliable, and often cheaper transportation routes. Chola Dynasty (India): Used expansive copper-plate grants to record trade guild privileges, such as the Leyden copper plates, detailing trade agreements and donations. The Leyden Copper Plates are a set of royal copper plate inscriptions issued by the Chola dynasty. Tang Dynasty (China): Documented foreign trade in official histories and customs records, meticulously listing goods (spices, silks) arriving from Srivijaya and India. Khmer Empire: Primarily used Sanskrit and Khmer inscriptions to document land ownership, tax contributions, and religious donations. These inscriptions, carved on stone and metal found across Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam, and documented the rise and fall of pre-Angkorean polities and the subsequent Khmer Empire. Funan Period 1st–6th Century: While older Sanskrit inscriptions exist in the region, the earliest Khmer-related inscriptions began appearing in the 5th century. Chenla Period “c. 550–800”: This period saw an "explosion" of Khmer epigraphy, with the oldest dated Khmer inscription (K. 600) from 611 AD at Angkor Borei, often associated with Chenla or late Funan. Inscriptions from this time, such as those at Sambor Prei Kuk, are found in both Sanskrit and Old Khmer. Angkorian Period or Khmer Empire (802–1431): Initiated by Jayavarman II’s declaration of independence in 802 AD, this era is heavily documented by inscriptions detailing the devaraja (god-king) cult. The Devaraja (god-king) cult was a 9th-century Hindu-Buddhist socio-political and religious system established by Jayavarman II, founder of the Khmer Empire. Sanskrit was the preferred language of the court, elite, and religion for over 1,000 years, while Khmer was used to detail specific land grants, temple administration, and local matters to list inventory, land transactions, and offerings to sanctuaries, providing crucial details on daily life and the organization of the empire. Decline and Medieval Period 14th–17th Century: The last known Sanskrit inscription is dated 1327. Afterward, Khmer historical inscriptions diminish sharply, reflecting a shift to Theravada Buddhism and the decline of the centralized Angkorean state. Tondo Kingdom: Known from the Laguna Copperplate Inscription 10th century, a legal document written in Kawi script regarding the discharge of debt, reflecting advanced regional commercial law. Pandyan Dynasty: Similar to the Chola, utilized copper plates for granting land and regulating trade with maritime partners. Khmer Empire & India: The Khmer Empire was heavily influenced by Indian culture, utilizing Sanskrit in administration and religion. Communication was centered on trade routes and religious exchange (Hinduism and Buddhism), linking Khmer elite with Indian intellectual traditions. Tang Dynasty (China) & Southeast Asia: The Tang Dynasty acted as a major diplomatic and commercial node or zone. Chinese maritime traders used Southern Chinese dialects and classical Chinese, communicating with Malay-speaking (Srivijaya) and Philippine-based (Tondo) port authorities to exchange silk and ceramics for spices and rare goods. From [AI overview]: Southern varieties, particularly Min, are believed to retain archaic or primitive features from Middle and Old Chinese (Sui and Tang dynasties) more than northern dialects. Southern Chinese dialects—including Yue (Cantonese), Min, Hakka, and Wu—are highly diverse, often preserving archaic features of Old and Middle Chinese that were lost in northern dialects. Due to historical migration and mountainous terrain, these dialects have higher tonal complexity and greater divergence from Mandarin. [https://www.researchgate.net] Source: From North to South, the main Southeastern Chinese dialects are formally known as Wu (spoken in the Shanghai region), Gan (spoken in Jiangxi), Xiang (spoken in Hunan), Min (also spoken in Taiwan and Hainan islands), Hakka (or Kejia-spoken primarily in Southern China and Taiwan), and Yue (Cantonese). From [AI overview]: Communication between Southern Chinese merchants and the maritime powers of Srivijaya (Sumatra and Malay Peninsula) and Tondo (Philippines) from the 7th to 15th centuries was achieved through a mix of Southern Chinese dialects (specifically Min, Hokkien and Cantonese), Classical Chinese (written), and a Malay-based maritime lingua franca. This exchange was driven by the trade routes of the Maritime Silk Road, connecting Southern Chinese ports with the trading hubs of Nusantara. Nusantara, historically signifying the Indonesian archipelago and its surrounding maritime realm, was an ancient hub linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans with crucial trade network hub sea routes from the Strait of Malacca to the Banda Sea.

The last 12 items of COLUMN P “907 AD to 960 AD” continued on Part 40.

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Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Indian-Copper-Plate-Grants%3A-Inscriptions-or-Francis/1dbd4c298e1682951570d5a4e2fc5f8bed9b2450

2:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1H2Fp2m6UY/

3:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18K81sBqzm/

4:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1AsWyL9fFy/

5:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FUj5JWnbK/

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DADVGAeqm/

7:https://mingdynastyhistory.com/ming-tributary-system-southeast-asia-trade/

8:https://mingdynastyhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/ming_eunuch_vermilion_brush_forbidden_city-768x432.jpg

9:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telaga_Batu_inscription