Part 41 Timeline_the untold

Part 41 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 41
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN Q

960 AD to 1279 AD

Song Dynasty China

18 Emperors

Duration: 319 Years

21,122,081 is the total of the divisional period from war-related statistics and the balance does not include the earthquake and stormy phenomena in the calculation. “Massacre of the Jews of Granada Spain” and “Massacre of the Latins Constantinople Byzantine Empire Western Europe” and “Massacre at Béziers Albigensian Crusade France” may be the several items in total death toll of “the Crusades (Europe Middle east).”, therefore are not added in the total statistics of this period column.

From [AI overview]: Sutras in canonical scriptures and tributes of “tribute system or bestowals” played a crucial role in medieval East Asian and South Asian diplomacy, religious practice, and political legitimization. In medieval China, particularly during the Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties, Buddhist scriptures were frequently exchanged as part of diplomatic missions, and in Japan and Vietnam, requesting these texts was a key component of engaging with Chinese culture and power. From [AI overview]: Sutras in canonical scriptures literally means "string" or "thread" in Sanskrit (in Pali: sutta), referring to a genre of ancient Indian literature that acts as a "thread" holding together diverse teachings, philosophical rules, or aphorisms. An aphorism is a short, concise, and memorable statement that expresses a general truth, principle, observation about life. A genre is a specific category, type, or classification of literature, art, music, film, or other creative work, defined by shared characteristics, conventions, and styles. In a broader sense, Sutras are authoritative, condensed texts—sometimes just a few syllables—used in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism to transmit essential knowledge and wisdom from one generation to the next. From [AI overview]: Core Features of the Tribute System Hierarchical Structure: China was viewed as the "Middle Kingdom," creating a clear hierarchy where neighboring states participated to secure peace, trade, and investiture. Ritualized Exchanges: Foreign envoys, such as those from Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, traveled to the Chinese capital to perform rituals like the "kowtow" and present local, often exotic, products. Bestowals or Imperial Gifts: In return for tribute, the Chinese emperor gave lavish or luxurious gifts—often of greater value than the tribute itself—including silks, porcelain, and other precious goods. Investiture: The Emperor would confirm the ruler of a tributary state as a legitimate king through investiture, providing a stamp of authority, crown, and official robes.

•Pandyan dynasty India

(500 BC) - 1350 AD

•Chola empire India

(350 BC) - 1279 AD

•Roman empire (27 BC) - 1453 AD

•Byzantine empire: 330 AD to 1453 AD Historically regarded as the Eastern Roman or continuation of Roman Empire From [AI overview]: Spartans were warriors in ancient Greece roughly 1000 years before Vikings and Knights. Vikings were 8th–11th century warriors, and Medieval Knights were 11th–15th century warriors. Roman Gladiators: Primarily entertainers trained to fight in specialized, individual combat formats (one-on-one or against animals). Roman Gladiators were not regular army troops but entertainers who could be highly skilled, specialized, often lightly armored, entertainment fighters. Spartan, viking, knight warriors were elite, professional warriors defined by different eras, armor, and tactics. Key differences of armor technology: Spartans used bronze; vikings used iron; knights used advanced steel. Combat Style: Vikings relied on iron weapons and aggressive raiding, and knights specialized in heavy plate armor, cavalry charges, and chivalric combat. Knights specialized in horseback combat, with the term "chivalry" evolving from chavalier (horseman). Spartans fought as a collective unit (phalanx), Vikings utilized smaller raiding units, and Knights acted as individual professional champions. Medieval knights were elite, armored cavalry warriors in medieval Europe, serving as professional soldiers for lords or the church. Often drawn from the nobility, they were defined by specialized, costly training in horsemanship and weapons like swords and lances or spear-like weapons. Beyond combat, knights were associated with a strict code of chivalry, emphasizing loyalty, courage, and honor. Promoted by the Church and monarchs, it demanded knights to defend the church, protect the weak (specifically women and orphans). Spartans used bronze armor and inflexible phalanx formation relying on teamwork, spears, and shields and are highly disciplined. A phalanx is a dense, rectangular military formation of infantry holding locked shields and long spears, primarily used in Ancient Greece and Macedonia. It functioned as a "shield wall" to crush enemies frontally, with soldiers protecting the man to their left. Viking 792–1066 AD were opportunistic seafaring warriors, including farmers and merchants, who utilized shield walls, steel helmets, chainmail (for the wealthy), padded leather, and large round wooden shields with weapons like Dane axe, spear, and steel swords. Primary Duty: Spartans and Knights were dedicated soldiers or nobles, whereas many Vikings were part-time soldiers who also engaged in trade and settlement. Training & Society: Spartan boys underwent the agoge (military training) from childhood. Knights trained as squires for years before knighthood. Vikings were often farmers or traders who specialized in raiding, requiring high agility rather than uniform training. Key Distinctions: Spartans focused on land-based, defensive maneuvers; Vikings specialized in aquatic, raiding warfare; and Knights were highly versatile, heavily armored shock troops, often regarded as better equipped for survival in combat compared to the others.

The next 71 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part [42 to 50]

SOURCE COMPOSITION

PC Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech

Transkriptor]

[Odify - PDF Speaker and Reader

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Mapache Dev]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech
King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 tag and album art maker

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[MP3TAG The universal tag editor.]

MP3 volume-increase conversion

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Photo maker for album art cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker stylish app world Art & Design]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB Zilory app]

Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[audioknap-china-425964]

[audioknap-the-epicness-424560]

Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg

2:https://share.google/n98Wb9S75R6VhTK6b

3:https://share.google/FcBjrLuAG5zIDyB5b

4:https://medium.com/@zhudan931117/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-song-dynasty-commoner-how-ordinary-people-lived-a-thousand-years-ago-7c351a242c10

5:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DP81Xsjs8/

6:https://www.thegeostrata.com/post/ancient-diplomacy-in-east-and-southeast-asia

7:https://share.google/r1ZW7WZYfjhEEPsuM

8:https://share.google/0WX1WfycCO3Bl6ksM

9:https://share.google/kRWyFYM2pEeRSqros