Part 42 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN Q 960 AD to 1279 AD Song Dynasty China 18 Emperors Duration: 319 Years • Toltec empire Mesoamerica 496 AD to 1122 AD • Wari empire Peru 500 AD to 1100 AD • Gurjara Pratihara Dynasty India 600 AD to 1136 AD • Arab–Byzantine Wars Middle East North Africa Southern Europe [death toll 130,000÷3 ] 629 AD to 1050 AD • First Bulgarian empire: Balkans Southeastern Europe 680 AD to 1018 AD • Srivijaya empire: Malay Archipelago Sumatra, Indonesia 683 AD to 1293 AD • Khazar Khaganate empire: North Caucasus 700 AD to 1000 AD • Kanem empire: northeast of Lake Chad in modern-day Chad Africa 700 AD to 1387 AD • Reconquista Iberian Peninsula (Christian Muslim War) [death toll 7,000,000÷5 ] 711 AD to 1492 AD • Pala empire: Bengal East India located between the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal 750 AD to 1174 AD • Rashtrakuta empi...
Part 42
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN Q
960 AD to 1279 AD
Song Dynasty China
18 Emperors
Duration: 319 Years
•Toltec empire Mesoamerica
496 AD to 1122 AD
•Wari empire Peru
500 AD to 1100 AD
•Gurjara Pratihara Dynasty India
600 AD to 1136 AD
•Arab–Byzantine Wars
Middle East North Africa
Southern Europe
[death toll 130,000÷3]
629 AD to 1050 AD
•First Bulgarian empire: Balkans Southeastern Europe
680 AD to 1018 AD
•Srivijaya empire: Malay Archipelago Sumatra, Indonesia 683 AD to 1293 AD
•Khazar Khaganate empire: North Caucasus 700 AD to 1000 AD
•Kanem empire: northeast of Lake Chad in modern-day Chad Africa
700 AD to 1387 AD
•Reconquista Iberian Peninsula
(Christian Muslim War)
[death toll 7,000,000÷5]
711 AD to 1492 AD
•Pala empire: Bengal East India located between the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal 750 AD to 1174 AD
•Rashtrakuta empire or dynasty India
753 AD to 982 AD
From [AI overview]: The Rashtrakutas dominated the "Tripartite Struggle" against the Pala empire (East) and Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty (Northwest) for control of the Gangetic plains. The heart of the empire was often called "Kannada country," according to the Kavirajamarga. The Rashtrakuta empire acted as a bridge between Northern and Southern India. While the names sound similar, Kannada (a language or people from India) is completely different from Canada (a country in North America). From [Wikipedia]: Kavirajamarga was inspired by or written in part by the famous Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha 1st, and some historians claim it is based partly on the Sanskrit text Kavyadarsha. Some historians believe Kavirajamarga may have been co-authored by a poet in the king's court, the Kannada language theorist Sri-vijaya. From [Wikipedia]: Śrīvijaya was a prominent 9th-century Kannada poet and minister in the court of the Rashtrakuta emperor Amoghavarsha I 814–878 CE. He is widely believed by scholars to be the co-author or literary advisor behind Kavirajamarga 850 CE, the earliest known Kannada literary treatise. While sound similar, Srivijaya shall not be confused with the name of the Indonesian empire: Srivijaya. The history and medieval relation of the two empires may also confuse us in this context. [https://grokipedia.com] Source: As a Mahayana Buddhist kingdom, Srivijaya served as a hub for religious learning, sponsoring sites like Nalanda in India and sending embassies to Tang and Song China bearing sutras and tribute. The primary sources for Srivijaya's history consist predominantly of external accounts and sparse local inscriptions, revealing a fragmentary evidentiary base that privileges diplomatic & religious narratives over comprehensive internal records.
From [AI overview]: Evolution: Over time, particularly in the later medieval period, the political power of the Caliph decreased in some regions, leaving the caliph a largely symbolic or religious leader, while practical power shifted to [Sultans]. From [Wikipedia]: Beginning with the Umayyads, the title of the caliph became hereditary. Under the Umayyads, the caliphate grew rapidly in territory, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and most of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered approximately 5 million square miles (approximately 13 million square kilometres), making it larger than the earlier Roman Empire or contemporary Tang China. The Caucasus is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The name Transoxiana was coined by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC when Alexander's troops conquered the region. The region may have had a similar Greek name in the days of Alexander the Great, but the earlier name is no longer known. Geographically, Transoxiana is the region between the rivers Amu Darya to its south and the Syr Darya to its north. Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (translation: 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of the first regions of the Indian subcontinent to fall under Islamic rule. The Maghreb is usually defined as encompassing much of the northern part of Africa, including a large portion of the Sahara Desert, but excluding Egypt and Sudan, which are considered to be located in the Mashriq—the eastern part of the Arab world. During the era of al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula from 711 to 1492, the Maghreb's inhabitants—the Muslim Maghrebis—were known by Europeans as the "Moors”. As it was Muslim Berbers and Arabs who conquered the Iberian Peninsula from North Africa in 711, the word “Moors” has been applied to the inhabitants of the peninsula under Muslim rule (known in this context as al-Andalus). The term could also be applied to the Muslims of Sicily, who began to arrive there during the Aghlabid conquest of the 9th century. The word passed into Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian as Moros or other cognates. Italian cognates often align with English by transforming word endings: Key examples include numeroso (numerous), famoso (famous), importante (important), and attore (actor). The Emirate of Granada, the last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, was conquered by the Spanish in 1492, resulting in all remaining Muslims in this area to pass under Christian rule. These Muslims and their descendants were thereafter known as Moriscos ('Moorish' or 'Moor-like') up until their final expulsion from Spain in 1609. These dynasties—such as the Umayyads and Abbasids—combined the roles of emperor and spiritual leader, establishing a theocratic state that spanned from Spain to India. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate 632–661, the Umayyad Caliphate 661–750, and the Abbasid Caliphate 750–1517. Not all Muslim states have had caliphates.
•Caliphate of Cordoba: Dynasty or Kingdom Iberian Peninsula
756 AD to 1031 AD
•Idrisid Dynasty: present-day Morocco and parts of present-day western Algeria
788 AD to 974 AD
•Ghana empire Western Mali Africa
790 AD to 1240 AD
•Khmer empire Angkor
802 AD to 1431 AD
•Samanid empire: Persia where is now eastern Iran and Uzbekistan
819 AD to 999 AD
•Kara Khanid Khanate Dynasty Turkistan 840 AD to 1212 AD
•Saffarid Dynasty Afghanistan
867 AD to 1002 AD
The next 53 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part [43 to 50]
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[arab-190763]
[grand_project-epic-cinematic-intro_26sec-178310]
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11:https://www.flycuscoperu.com/blog/wari-empire-art-roads-and-political-innovation
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13:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11067/gurjara-pratihara-empire-ancient-india/
14:https://share.google/48jmY0Apydl1s5C2V
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28:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DRZ3EPZqe/
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47:https://chahalacademy.com/rashtrakuta-dynasty
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52:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CQcWp3uaR/
53:https://x.com/Shaivite_Knight/status/1875924057394385297/photo/1
55:https://share.google/iJ3rVQ3GV5inG1JQy
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66:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18aM69rdoA/
67:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1B34ZoS555/
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70:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Dmy7aVg2K/
71:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18nBuZM6MU/
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73:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18eXnAJj2G/
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76:https://rameezabid.substack.com/p/caliphate-of-the-rightly-guided-caliphs-vs-the-umayyads
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84:https://www.greekboston.com/culture/ancient-history/conquests-alexander-the-great/
85:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana
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88:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1B9z8Mzumf/
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101:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JM3zn3ENK/
102:https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb
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110:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FhjD2CDV3/
111:https://www.facebook.com/share/18eBBQQkxb/
112:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/181dkrLUbK/
113:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CLxnJ9mRo/
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116:https://theregno.substack.com/p/the-first-footsteps-of-arab-sicily
117:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EgnnMPHM2/
118:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily
120:https://share.google/2fu7KtVQqDxnBYwyR
121:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FeYmw7Noy/
122:https://share.google/9Vgceg5Nfout1iKpg
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134:https://share.google/rPUdi4FDLadcG5gM3
135:https://share.google/ywfw4XhcV8wZWTriW
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147:https://share.google/IoTU3yQyjvVIspvGh
148:https://share.google/9Ian3wMyNKHlcu5uW
149:https://www.worldhistorymaps.info/civilizations/saffarid-dynasty/
150:https://parshistory.info/?p=771
151:https://share.google/1oG57LRoqKKU9iqlr
Video Sources: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
152:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya
155:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/829583-zoom-out-north-america-cg-earth
156:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/167676440-earth-zoom-india-satellite-view-3d-animation
157:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/249631054-realistic-earth-space-flying-over-middle-east
161:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/270295746-atlas-mountains-and-europe-aerial-view-space
162:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/304423762-kailasha-temple-cave-16-ellora-caves-aurangabad
163:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/23843377-india-space
164:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/20437615-india-space-day-and-night
165:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/46895325-glide-over-satellite-map-canada-outlined
166:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/176376049-canada-map-glide-regions-satellite
170:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/303563434-badami-karnataka-bhutanatha-temples-beside-lake
173:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/158087385-indonesia-map-zoom
174:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/76286224-pura-ulun-danu-bratan-temple-bali-island
175:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/56945935-over-tanah-lot-temple-bali-aerial-4k
177:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/69038897-borobudur-temple
179:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/10896509-earth-3d-view-space-south-east-asia
180:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/321762430-evolution-indonesia-year-358-ad
181:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/321755382-map-arab-caliphate-year-638-ad-timelapse
182:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/90104010-caliphate-map
183:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/99818352-zoom-caucasus-region-flags-map
185:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/792084-pompei-alexander-great-mosaic-3
187:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/99794493-aral-sea-planet-earth-aerial-view-outer-space
189:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/106439609-maghreb-region-flags-3d-map
190:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/267180600-sahara-desert-map-clouds-effect
191:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/81092419-sahara-desert-planet-earth-aerial-view-outer-space
195:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896558-abbas-ibn-firnas-injured-852-ad-reenactment
196:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202911013-islamic-scholars-copying-manuscripts-reenactment
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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