Part 43 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN Q 960 AD to 1279 AD Song Dynasty China 18 Emperors Duration: 319 Years • Norwegian Kingdom Norway 872 AD to 1814 AD • Tondo Kingdom Philippine 900 AD to 1587 AD • Goryeo Dynasty Korea 918 AD to 1392 AD • Buyid empire or dynasty Persia 934 AD to 1055 AD From [Wikipedia]: The Buyids , together with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, represents a period in Iranian history sometimes referred to as the Iranian Intermezzo . From [https://www.iranicaonline.org]: The political background: Since the early days of the Arab conquest of Persia the mountainous regions south of the Caspian Sea proved an awkward obstacle to the expansion of the empire of the caliphs. It was only towards the end of the 3rd and 9th century that the Abbasids succeeded in subduing those almost inaccessible districts, and even then the caliphal rule remained rathe...
Part 43
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN Q
960 AD to 1279 AD
Song Dynasty China
18 Emperors
Duration: 319 Years
•Norwegian Kingdom Norway
872 AD to 1814 AD
•Tondo Kingdom Philippine
900 AD to 1587 AD
•Goryeo Dynasty Korea
918 AD to 1392 AD
•Buyid empire or dynasty Persia
934 AD to 1055 AD
From [Wikipedia]: The Buyids, together with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, represents a period in Iranian history sometimes referred to as the Iranian Intermezzo. From [https://www.iranicaonline.org]: The political background: Since the early days of the Arab conquest of Persia the mountainous regions south of the Caspian Sea proved an awkward obstacle to the expansion of the empire of the caliphs. It was only towards the end of the 3rd and 9th century that the Abbasids succeeded in subduing those almost inaccessible districts, and even then the caliphal rule remained rather formal. From [AI overview]: The Iranian Intermezzo 821–1055 CE, often called the Persian Renaissance, was a 170-year medieval period marking the rise of independent Iranian Muslim dynasties that ended direct Arab hegemony under the Abbasid Caliphate. From [Wikipedia]: The Iranian dynasties that took part in this effort were the Tahirids, the Saffarids, the Ilyasids, the Ghaznavids, the Sajids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids, the Sallarids, the Rawadids, the Marwanids, the Shaddadids, the Kakuyids, the Annazids, and the Hasanwayhids. From [AI overview]: Iranian Intermezzo was characterized by a revival of Iranian culture, literature (e.g., Shahnameh), and political power, specifically as outlined by the Encyclopædia Iranica. This manner of revival and reconstruction of the Iranian identity was unparalleled among the other ancient cultural areas that were incorporated into the Islamic world. Thus, while Syria and Egypt lost their languages under the hegemony of Arabic, Iran survived as the main cultural area in the emerging Islamic empire that maintained its distinct linguistic and cultural identity. Iranian regional dynasties: The rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in the mid-8th century—with strong Persian support—helped to bring about the downfall of the Umayyad rule with its policy of Arab supremacy. From [AI overview]: The hegemony of the Arabic-speaking world during the medieval period (roughly 7th–15th centuries) was a multi-faceted dominance spanning military, cultural, linguistic, and scientific domains, primarily driven by the rapid expansion of Islamic caliphates. This era established Arabic as a global language of trade, science, and elite culture, stretching from the Atlantic to India. Key Aspects of Medieval Arabic Hegemony: Political and Military Expansion: Starting in the 7th century, Arab armies conquered vast territories of the Byzantine and Persian empires, establishing a unified empire with Medina, and later Baghdad, as centers of power. Linguistic and Cultural Influence: The Arabic language functioned as the primary lingua franca of the Caliphate, allowing for communication, trade, and the rapid spread of knowledge across diverse ethnic groups. The Islamic Golden Age: Arabic-speaking and Muslim scholars led the world in innovations across scientific disciplines, including mathematics (algebra, algorithms), astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. Translation Movement: Through institutionalized efforts, especially in the 9th and 10th centuries, Arabic scholars translated and preserved Greek, Roman, and Persian texts, ultimately transmitting this knowledge to Western Europe via Al-Andalus (Spain) and Sicily. Maritime Dominance: Arabs largely controlled Mediterranean trade routes, connecting North Africa, the Levant, and Spain, and transforming islands like Sicily into significant commercial hubs. The Levant is a historical geographical term referring to the eastern Mediterranean coastal lands of Southwest Asia.
•Tu'i Tonga empire: Pacific Ocean
950 AD to 1865 AD
•The discovery of explosive powder
in 960 AD From [AI overview]: By the start of the Song Dynasty in 960 AD, Chinese "explosive powder" (commonly known as gunpowder or black powder) had evolved from a volatile, experimental substance into a documented military tool, though it was still in its early stages of development, which was a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). Key features of gunpowder around this period included its low explosive nature, unique composition, and primary use as an incendiary or early propelling agent rather than a high-shattering explosive. Fire Medicine (Huo Yao): Chinese Taoist alchemists, who were searching for an elixir of immortality, originally called it "fire medicine," highlighting its earlier accidental, volatile properties (such as causing burns and fires). Initial Military Application: By the start of the Song Dynasty 960 AD, it was being integrated into military technology, specifically in weapons such as fire arrows (incendiary-tipped arrows) and early flame-throwers.
The next 47 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part [44 to 50]
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Tool Apps Hub]
[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech
Mapache Dev]
[aiReader: AI Text to Speech
King Clover Studio]
[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]
MP4 to MP3
[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger
Ambition Technologies]
MP3 tag and album art maker
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[MP3TAG The universal tag editor.]
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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
1:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CJFMojfru/
2:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GrwQbwdKC/
3:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1WNijtYGH8/
6:https://share.google/CdtSGfZNtIC63NY2s
7:https://share.google/RjJFHSvj4YgIdThGK
8:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14bGev8jHBK/
9:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Bf6zuW8fe/
10:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CpWxcgZUM/
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12:https://www.facebook.com/share/1HtsrKzZFr/
13:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EctDsteW9/
14:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1ChP7fLCFQ/
15:https://www.facebook.com/share/1KQbthnjBB/
16:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-Goryeo_Period-1389_CE.gif
17:https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:China,_Vietnam,_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg
18:https://www.imdb.com/es-es/title/tt26767539/mediaviewer/rm3760805633/
19:https://m.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=202403100926366710
20:https://exploringhist.blogspot.com/2018/03/who-were-buyids.html?m=1
21:https://x.com/byolacademy/status/2045490482198004204/photo/1
22:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BkgMJFidb/
23:https://ditto-oceandecade.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/shutterstock_183877790-min.jpg
25:https://chahalacademy.com/caspian-sea
26:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14212/map-of-the-islamic-conquests-in-the-7th-9th-centur/
27:https://www.facebook.com/share/18GZ5hDpps/
28:https://www.q-files.com/history/islamic-world/rise-of-islam
29:https://smarthistory.org/arts-abbasid-caliphate/
30:https://share.google/fKyOYCqZ09BGHD2n5
31:https://share.google/H8dNllLKpxWXLQ9X1
32:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CqJMxe23m/
33:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1E2exj7RSs/
35:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17RghTps9z/
36:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EKQzTaS8h/
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38:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FAEkCM3vC/
39:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1E3XdrE3rY/
40:https://www.deviantart.com/sharklord1/art/Major-States-in-Iran-Mostly-Inaccurate-828559171
41:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17HAFK7dHe/
43:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire
45:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty
46:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty
47:https://x.com/M_Mohammadi1/status/1774119425819525373/photo/1
48:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuyids
49:https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-abbasid-caliphate-195293
50:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/15mxCpqmAar/
51:https://www.facebook.com/share/1GQ5e7xg6b/
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54:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1W6VGKgsyt/
55:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GvUR4owyk/
56:https://thinkafrica.net/rashidun-caliphate/
57:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CXQ1MNFSs/
58:https://www.facebook.com/share/1JGrmjbFdY/
59:https://share.google/TQ0BWGo8gxx6ilVP4
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67:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GJA9csewx/
69:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17nQxESyuw/
70:https://x.com/Eya35889948/status/2048788008996872450
71:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EVcWiKehT/
72:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DmpuT1oyX/
73:https://www.deviantart.com/gustavo510/art/COWD-The-Middle-East-in-917-1283765009
74:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18nt645KqW/
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76:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GpFmhq3TG/
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82:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18qr1hi9Yc/
83:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18SHyYC9Tc/
84:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14aVopKysCW/
85:https://www.facebook.com/share/1CsmDhxj6x/
86:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18XcwY6KZ7/
87:https://share.google/1knHyCH1MVwwYeuQk
88:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Ek1ULeC31/
89:https://www.facebook.com/share/1ELCuwTcJ2/
90:https://share.google/OXnX3MTmIP5NdpR6F
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95:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Nf75CaTZn/
96:https://blog.alifbee.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/7-scientists-1.webp
97:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire
98:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CoVaEa3BU/
99:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BAWGSGXkF/
100:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1QKdBMNQyk/
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106:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EPJGwRiJo/
107:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18Sbc9EBcB/
108:https://share.google/QVPow1BEV91ydNi6h
109:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1B2fXvQDSc/
Video Sources: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
110:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/12394666-chinese-compass-first-compass-world
111:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/44352150-antique-chinese-spoon-compass
112:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/176913447-antique-chinese-spoon-compass-turn-table
113:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/219270753-antique-chinese-spoon-compass-turn-table
114:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/36795039-antique-chinese-spoon-compass
116:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/303789698-earth-and-compass-rotation-animation
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118:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/60416733-europe-space-zoom-europe-earth-space
119:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/149333350-philippines-map-drive-regions-satellite
120:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/950924-earth-zoom-korean-peninsula-map
121:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/10896443-earth-3d-view-space-middle-east
124:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/81119669-caspian-sea-planet-earth-aerial-view-outer-space
125:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/90104010-caliphate-map
127:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/108954869-bas-relief-carvings-soldiers-persepolis-sundown
129:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/130133033-austria-3d-cgi-map-mountain-relief
131:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/126924935-3d-cgi-map-italy-europe-mountain-relief
133:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/281966991-group-muslim-soldiers-horseback-reenactment-video
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142:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/159760800-tonga-map-zoom
145:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/82604295-burning-black-powder-chemical-experience-gunpowder
146:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/61960782-gunpowder-burning-black-powder
148:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/156891090-aerial-footage-wadi-al-salam-cemetery-najaf-city
149:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/156890988-aerial-footage-wadi-al-salam-cemetery-najaf-city
150:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/157136827-aerial-footage-wadi-al-salam-cemetery-najaf-city
151:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/157136792-aerial-footage-wadi-al-salam-cemetery-najaf-city
152:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/157136755-aerial-footage-wadi-al-salam-cemetery-najaf-city
153:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/235464808-earth-zoom-space-cairo-egypt-giza-pyramids
154:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/148466839-iraq-map-extract-border-satellite
155:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/151326224-aerial-drone-shot-all-3-pyramids-top-giza-egypt
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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