Part 44 Timeline_the untold

Part 44 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 44
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN Q

960 AD to 1279 AD

Song Dynasty China

18 Emperors

Duration: 319 Years

•Holy Roman Central Europe

962 AD to 1806 AD

From [AI overview]: The key differences between the Roman Empire (Classical), Byzantine Empire (Eastern Medieval), and Holy Roman Empire (Western Medieval) lie in their geographic location, cultural identity, religious structure, and political centralization. The Roman Empire (27 BC) to 476 AD was a centralized, pagan (later Christian), Latin-speaking entity controlling the entire Mediterranean. A pagan is someone who practices a polytheistic or nature-based religion outside of major monotheistic faiths like Christianity, Judaism, or Islam. Historically, the term derived from Latin paganus (country dweller) to describe rural people adhering to old traditions. The Byzantine Empire 330–1453 AD was the direct continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire, Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian, and highly centralized in Constantinople. Constantinople was the medieval world's largest, wealthiest, and most heavily fortified city, serving as the Byzantine Empire's capital. The Holy Roman Empire between 800 and 962 until 1806 AD was a decentralized, largely Germanic-speaking, Catholic entity in Western Europe, viewing itself as a revival of the Western Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire (The Restoration Attempt) Emerging from Charlemagne’s coronation 800 AD and solidified by Otto 1st 962 AD, the Holy Roman Empire was an attempt by the Pope and Germanic kings to revive the fallen Western Roman Empire. From [Wikipedia]: In 800 AD Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position as the first emperor in the West in over 300 years brought him into conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople. Through his assumption of the imperial title, he is considered the forerunner to the line of Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the 19th century. As king and emperor, Charlemagne engaged in numerous reforms in administration, law, education, military organisation, and religion, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability of his reign began a period of cultural activity known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire. The Carolingian Empire 800–887 AD was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. From [AI overview]: Feudalism was a decentralized social, political, and economic system that dominated medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries, structuring society around land ownership, personal loyalty, and reciprocal obligations. It emerged primarily as a response to the breakdown of central authority—such as the fall of the Roman Empire and the collapse of the Carolingian Empire—where local lords provided protection in exchange for service. Medieval renaissances were periods of cultural, intellectual, and artistic renewal in Western Europe, occurring before the 14th-century Italian Renaissance. Primarily, these include three distinct phases: the Carolingian 8th–9th centuries, Ottonian 10th–11th centuries, and the 12th-century Renaissance, which marked significant revivals of classical learning, literature, art, and law. Medieval and Renaissance scholars and inventors 14th–16th centuries shifted towards empirical observation, humanism, and experimentation, and the Scientific Revolution. Key figures like Copernicus proposing a heliocentric sun-centered model of the universe, Galileo’s invention of telescope and mechanics, and Gutenberg’s movable type printing press.

•Ghaznavid empire or dynasty Afghanistan

963 AD to 1187 AD

•Western Chalukya Empire South India

973 AD to 1189 AD

•Goryeo–Khitan Wars Korea

[death toll 90,000÷2]

993 AD to 1019 AD

From [https://grokipedia.com]: The Goryeo–Khitan War comprised a series of military campaigns waged by the Khitan-led Liao dynasty against the Goryeo kingdom of Korea between 993 and 1019 AD, primarily aimed at enforcing tributary submission and territorial control over the Korean peninsula's northern regions. The conflicts arose from Liao's expansionist ambitions following its consolidation of power in northern China and Mongolia, clashing with Goryeo's assertions of sovereignty and its diplomatic overtures toward the Song dynasty in southern China, which undermined Liao's hegemonic claims. The underlying causes of the Goryeo–Khitan conflicts arose from overlapping territorial ambitions in northeastern Asia, particularly following the Khitan Liao dynasty's conquest of Balhae in 926, after which Goryeo asserted claims to successor status over Balhae's former domains in Manchuria while absorbing its refugees and expanding northward. This expansion positioned the Amnok River (Yalu River) as Goryeo's perceived northern boundary, directly clashing with Liao's consolidation of control over the same frontier zones to counter Jurchen tribes and secure its eastern campaigns. Goryeo's construction of border fortresses, such as Gangdongseong in 942 AD, exemplified this assertive policy, enabling influence over Jurchen groups and former Balhae lands but provoking Liao as an encroachment on its sphere. The Goryeo–Khitan War featured limited large-scale pitched battles, with conflicts often resolved through defensive fortifications, ambushes, and diplomacy rather than open-field engagements. From [AI overview]: Goryeo's construction of border fortresses Gangdongseong: Key features included a combination of large main fortresses, strategic garrisoned towns, and fortified "sub-castles" (Chaseong), featuring defensive walls designed for northern boundary defense. Fortresses varied in size, ranging from approximately 430 meters to 3,290 meters. Medieval diplomatic overtures were primarily ad hoc (case-by-case) missions rather than permanent embassy arrangements, often conducted through messengers, high-ranking clergy or “authorized religious leaders”, nobles “most privileged class in the Middle Ages”, and heavily influenced by feudal, religious, and marital ties. For medieval nobles, marriage was a key tool to secure land, form political alliances, and consolidate power, rather than a romantic endeavor. These negotiations were designed to build trust, manage resources, and settle territorial disputes, with Latin often acting as the common language for diplomatic communication.

The next 43 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part [45 to 50]

SOURCE COMPOSITION

PC Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech

Transkriptor]

[Odify - PDF Speaker and Reader

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Mapache Dev]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech
King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 tag and album art maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor.]

MP3 volume-increase conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer]

[Super Sound Editor: Music Audio Editor, MP3 Cutter]

Photo maker for album art cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker stylish app world Art & Design]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB Zilory app]

Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[audioknap-korea-414034]

[audioknap-epic-448500]

Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg

2:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18m3sD1UbC/

3:https://www.facebook.com/share/191Da2NkRv/

4:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CVujUyvvU/

5:https://pin.it/7p5YvPbvU

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14j1xL7BS3j/

7:https://www.worldatlas.com/middle-ages/the-holy-roman-empire.html

8:https://share.google/T9aLkyLgdxjyjROjF

9:https://share.google/vXifp5mSEu0AQyKG7