Part 47 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN Q 960 AD to 1279 AD Song Dynasty China 18 Emperors Duration: 319 Years Renaissance Map 1201 AD to 1900 AD From [AI overview]: Key features included detailed coastlines, standardized symbols, and the integration of the New World. From [Wikipedia]: The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity, the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm . World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period. The Hellenistic period was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean to the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt . Since Ptolemy, knowledge of the approximate size of the Earth allowed cartographers to estimate the extent of their geographical knowledge, and to indicate parts of the planet known to exist but not yet explored as terra incognita . From [AI overview]: Claudius Ptolemy ...
Part 47
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN Q
960 AD to 1279 AD
Song Dynasty China
18 Emperors
Duration: 319 Years
Renaissance Map 1201 AD to 1900 AD From [AI overview]: Key features included detailed coastlines, standardized symbols, and the integration of the New World. From [Wikipedia]: The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity, the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm. World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period. The Hellenistic period was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean to the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt. Since Ptolemy, knowledge of the approximate size of the Earth allowed cartographers to estimate the extent of their geographical knowledge, and to indicate parts of the planet known to exist but not yet explored as terra incognita. From [AI overview]: Claudius Ptolemy 100–170 AD was a highly influential Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, and astrologer who lived in Alexandria, Egypt. He is best known for establishing the geocentric model (the "Ptolemaic system"), which placed Earth at the center of the universe and dominated scientific thought for over 1,400 years. Renaissance maps 1201–1900 AD evolved from medieval Portolan charts into precise globes, reflecting "Age of Discovery" voyages by explorers like Columbus from Genoa, Magellan from Portugal, and Vespucci from Florence. They were Italian and Portuguese explorers who, sponsored largely by Spain and Portugal, mapped the New World and connected the globe in the 15th-16th centuries. Their voyages defined the Age of Discovery. Key maps including the Juan de la Cosa 1500 AD and Waldseemüller 1507 AD depicted newly found American coasts, featuring Mercator’s projection 1569 AD for navigation. These maps highlighted linear perspective, increased coastal accuracy, and the global expansion of European empires. From [Wikipedia]: When applied to world maps, the Mercator projection inflates the size of lands the farther they are from the equator. Therefore, landmasses such as Greenland and Antarctica appear far larger than they actually are relative to landmasses near the equator. Sourced from [https://beinecke.library.yale.edu]: The portolan chart began as a wayfinding tool that enabled sailors to cross the Mediterranean Sea and engage in trade among distant ports. Portolan charts encompass the known world at the time of their composition, and they reflect the ancient concept of an orbis terrarum, a circle of land surrounding the Mediterranean. As Europeans began to explore the world beyond that region, their maps charted their progress. These maps have been chosen because they demonstrate the effect of travel and exploration on maps and an expansion of the European perspective on the world driven by curiosity, greed, and religious zealotry. Like all maps, these tell many stories. From [AI overview]: Medieval religious zealotry was defined by extreme, uncompromising devotion to faith, often leading to violence, intolerance, and severe social control. Key manifestations included the Crusades 1096 to 1270 AD to reclaim the Holy Land, the Inquisition targeting heretics or contradictory belief, and the brutal persecution of minority groups, driven by the belief that "true" faith required the elimination of deviance or “the conceived disobediences”.
Nicaea empire: Bithynia ancient Greek city of Byzantine territory 1204 AD to 1261 AD
Trebizond empire: Pontus far northeastern corner of Anatolia, and portions of southern Crimea 1204 AD to 1461 AD
Mongol conquests
[death toll 34,641,016÷2]
1206 AD to 1368 AD
From [AI overview]: Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace): Despite the violent conquests, the empire enabled safe travel and trade across Eurasia along the Silk Roads, fostering a massive exchange of goods, technologies, and cultures. The resulting empire facilitated the secure exchange of goods, ideas across Eurasia, Middle East and China. Sourced from [www.nationalgeographic.com]: Genghis Khan reformed his people’s laws and ushered in a military-feudal form of government. He embraced trade and religious freedom, and adopted advanced technology of the time, such as stirrups, composite bows, leather armor, and gunpowder. Stirrups are pair-matched, usually metal loops hanging from a horse saddle, providing a crucial footrest, aid for mounting, and a platform for balance and weight distribution. [www.worldhistory.org] Source: The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan 1206 to 1227 AD, first Great Khan or 'universal ruler' of the Mongol peoples. Genghis forged the empire by uniting nomadic tribes of the Asian steppe and creating a devastatingly effective army with fast, light, and highly coordinated cavalry. Expert horsemen and archers, the Mongols proved unstoppable in Central Asia and beyond, defeating armies in Iran, Russia, Eastern Europe, China, and many other places. The Mongols were pastoral nomads of the Asian steppe who herded sheep, goats, horses, camels, and yaks. These tribes moved according to the seasons and lived in temporary camps of circular felt tents or yurts (gers). The climate of Mongolia is often harsh and, reflecting this, clothing was warm, durable, and practical. Felt from sheep's wool and animal furs were the most common material to make clothing which was remarkably similar for both men and women: heelless boots, baggy trousers, a long jacket-robe (deel) worn with a leather belt, and a conical hat with earflaps, while underclothes were made from cotton or silk. From [Wikipedia]: The Mongol Empire is also referred to as the "Mongolian Empire" or the "Mongol World Empire" in some English sources. From [AI overview]: The Mongol Population: The core Mongolian population was relatively small, estimated at around 1 million people—with perhaps only 800,000 in the 1200s—who managed to control two-thirds of the known world.
The next 16 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part [48 to 50]
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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
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Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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