Part 50 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN Q 960 AD to 1279 AD Song Dynasty China 18 Emperors Duration: 319 Years [www.ebsco.com] Source: The Council of Chalcedon , convened in 451 CE, was a pivotal ecumenical assembly in the early Christian Church that addressed the complex theological debates regarding the nature of Jesus Christ. Stemming from earlier councils, particularly the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, Chalcedon aimed to clarify whether Christ was fully human, fully divine, or a combination of both. The council arose from controversies involving figures like Eutyches , who proposed that Christ possessed only a divine nature, a view that had already been condemned. From [AI overview]: Eutyches 375–454 AD was a 5th-century Byzantine archimandrite (head of a monastery) in Constantinople who became a central figure in early Christian theological controversy. He is best known for promoting Eutychianism ...
Part 50
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN Q
960 AD to 1279 AD
Song Dynasty China
18 Emperors
Duration: 319 Years
[www.ebsco.com] Source: The Council of Chalcedon, convened in 451 CE, was a pivotal ecumenical assembly in the early Christian Church that addressed the complex theological debates regarding the nature of Jesus Christ. Stemming from earlier councils, particularly the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, Chalcedon aimed to clarify whether Christ was fully human, fully divine, or a combination of both. The council arose from controversies involving figures like Eutyches, who proposed that Christ possessed only a divine nature, a view that had already been condemned. From [AI overview]: Eutyches 375–454 AD was a 5th-century Byzantine archimandrite (head of a monastery) in Constantinople who became a central figure in early Christian theological controversy. He is best known for promoting Eutychianism, a form of monophysitism that asserted Christ had only one, divine nature, rather than two distinct natures (divine and human). Continued from [www.ebsco.com]: The assembly ultimately affirmed the dual nature of Christ—fully human and fully divine—by adopting the Chalcedonian Definition, which emphasized Christ's consubstantiality with both God the Father and humanity. The outcomes of the Council of Chalcedon were significant for both the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, establishing a theological foundation that has persisted throughout centuries. Despite this, some alternative interpretations, such as Monophysitism and Monotheletism, continued to resonate within certain Christian communities, particularly in Egypt, Palestine, and Armenia. The council’s decisions and the theological disputes it spurred have had lasting implications for Christian doctrine and the unity of the Church. From [AI overview]: Christian heresies are defined as teachings that contradict central, orthodox Christian doctrines, particularly regarding the nature of the Trinity and Jesus Christ. The Trinity is the core Christian doctrine that one God exists as three co-equal, distinct persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Monophysitism and Monothelitism are early Christian heresies regarding the nature and will of Christ. Monophysitism asserts Christ had only one, divine nature, with humanity absorbed. Monothelitism proposed that even if Christ had two natures, he only had one divine will. Both were rejected by the Council of Chalcedon and later councils. Context of Christianity: While Marco Polo and Western missionaries attempted to spread Catholicism, their efforts were largely unsuccessful due to the prevalence of Buddhism, Khan's religious tolerance and traditional Chinese customs. Christianity, particularly the Church of the East (Nestorianism), was present in China Yuan Dynasty, having been re-established after the Mongol conquest. Kublai Khan generally respected various religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam, utilizing diverse faiths for political stability rather than personal conversion.
Golden Horde Central Asia
1240 AD to 1502 AD
Marinid dynasty Morocco
1244 AD to 1465 AD
Mamluk Sultanate Egypt Syria
1250 AD to 1517 AD
ilkhanate Persia
1256 AD to 1335 AD
Cilicia earthquake Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, now Turkey [death toll 60,000] 1268 AD
Marco Polo travelled to Asia
1271 AD to 1295 AD
From [AI overview]: Key Features of Marco Polo's travel to Asia: 17-Year Service to Kublai Khan: Polo traveled from Venice to China with his father and uncle, arriving around 1275, where he entered the service of the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan, traveling extensively as an envoy through northern and southern China. Detailed Documentation of Eastern Civilization: His detailed observations, later compiled into The Travels of Marco Polo, documentation Yuan Dynasty innovations previously unknown to Europe, including the innovation and widespread use of paper money, the extensive use of coal, eyeglasses, and the efficient imperial postal system. Silk Road Exploration: The journey, starting in 1271, saw Marco Polo cross the Middle East and Central Asia to reach China, passing through cities like Samarkand and Kashgar, providing a rare European account of these regions. Return Voyage via Southeast Asia: Leaving China in 1292, they traveled by sea, documenting parts of Vietnam, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, and India before arriving back in Venice in 1295. Long-lasting Influence: The accounts written after his capture in 1298 helped reshape European cartography and inspired explorers such as Christopher Columbus. After returning to Venice in 1295, Marco Polo fought as a sopracomito (commander) of a Venetian ship, financing his own vessel, and was subsequently taken prisoner. Marco Polo was captured in 1298 because he was participating in naval warfare for Venice against its rival, Genoa, following his return from Asia. He was taken prisoner during the Battle of Curzola (Korčula) in the Mediterranean, a major conflict where over 7,000 Venetians were captured. Genoa and Venice were intense rivals fighting for control of trade routes, leading to frequent naval battles. While held in a Genoese prison, he met romance writer Rustichello da Pisa, a fellow prisoner and writer, to whom he dictated his famous travel accounts. He was released in 1299 and returned to Venice to continue his life as a merchant. European cartography history evolved from symbolic, religious medieval Mappae Mundi (T-O maps) into precise scientific, navigational, and commercial tools. Key features included the 13th-century invention of Portolan charts, the resurgence of Ptolemaic principles during the Renaissance, the impact of the Age of Discovery on mapping new continents, the rise of commercial mapping and the integration of printing technology to mass-produce detailed maps.
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FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM
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Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
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Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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