Part 54 Timeline_the untold

Part 54 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 54
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Byzantine empire: 330–1453 AD Historically regarded as the Eastern Roman or continuation of Roman Empire

•Srivijaya empire: Malay Archipelago Sumatra, Indonesia 683–1293 AD

From [AI overview]: The Majapahit, Tondo, and Srivijaya empires were maritime trade powerhouses connected by the ancient Asian spice and silk networks. Trade relations were mostly peaceful inter-island exchanges, though Srivijaya was sacked by the South Indian Chola Empire in 1025. European interaction primarily consisted of 16th-century Spanish and Portuguese explorers and missionaries. Chola Raids on Srivijaya (1025): The Tamil Chola dynasty of southern India launched a naval invasion of Srivijaya, crippling its ports and carrying off its wealth. [https://www.thoughtco.com] Source: The first historical source that mentions Srivijaya is the memoir of a Chinese Buddhist monk, I-Tsing, who visited the kingdom for six months in 671 CE. He describes a rich and well-organized society, which presumably had been in existence for some time. A number of inscriptions in Old Malay from the Palembang area, which is dated from as early as 682, also mention the Srivijayan Kingdom. The earliest of these inscriptions, the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, tells the story of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, who founded Srivijaya with the help of 20,000 troops. King Jayanasa went on to conquer other local kingdoms such as Malayu, which fell in 684, incorporating them into his growing Srivijayan Empire. We know for certain that for at least four hundred years, between the seventh and eleventh centuries CE, the Kingdom of Srivijaya prospered from the rich Indian Ocean trade. Srivijaya controlled the key Melaka Straits, between the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Indonesia, through which passed all sorts of luxury items such as spices, tortoiseshell, silk, jewels, camphor, and tropical woods. Definition from [AI overview]: In the medieval period, highly coveted camphor—imported from Southeast Asia along ancient trade routes—was a multi-purpose luxury. It served as a medicine, a culinary spice, an embalming agent, an air-purifying fumigant during the Black Death, and even as a burning additive in early European gunpowder. Historically, tortoiseshell was prized in the medieval period and beyond for its durability, unique warmth, and deep, translucent patterns. Extracted from the hawksbill sea turtle, artisans heated and molded the rigid plates into luxurious everyday and ornamental goods, such as combs, jewelry, snuffboxes, book bindings, and musical instrument veneers. Musical instrument veneers are thin slices of premium wood (typically 0.5mm to 1.5mm thick) applied to instruments like guitars, violins, and pianos. Continued from [https://www.thoughtco.com]: The kings of Srivijaya used their wealth, gained from transit taxes on these goods, to extend their domain as far north as what is now Thailand and Cambodia on the Southeast Asian mainland, and as far east as Borneo. Srivijaya presented a tempting target for foreign powers and for pirates. In 1025, Rajendra Chola of the Chola Empire based in southern India attacked some of the Srivijayan Kingdom’s key ports in the first of a series of raids that would last at least 20 years. Srivijaya managed to fend off the Chola invasion after two decades, but it was weakened by the effort. As late as 1225, Chinese author Chou Ju-kua described Srivijaya as the richest and strongest state in western Indonesia, with 15 colonies or tributary states under its control. By 1288, however, Srivijaya was conquered by the Singhasari Kingdom. At this tumultuous “chaotic” time, between 1291 and 1292, the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo stopped in Srivijaya on his way back from Yuan China. Despite several attempts by fugitive princes to revive Srivijaya over the next century, one decisive factor in the fall of Srivijaya was the conversion of the majority of Sumatran and Javanese to Islam, introduced by the very Indian Ocean traders who had long provided Srivijaya’s wealth. From [AI overview]: Shift to Islam: As the religion took root in localized port communities, a socio-religious divide emerged. Many of the very Indian, Arab, and regional traders who sustained Srivijaya's wealth began favoring newer, Islamic port states that were emerging across the region. The shift of Sumatra and Java's populations to Islam—facilitated by the exact Indian Ocean merchants who built Srivijaya’s wealth—was a crucial tipping point. As coastal networks adopted the faith, the empire’s Buddhist rulers lost their grip on the vital maritime choke points, paving the way for Islamic states like the Sultanate of Aceh and the Malacca Sultanate. This religious and economic transition fundamentally rewired power dynamics in the archipelago. The empire, centered near the modern city of Palembang in South Sumatra, relied on a complex tribute system and the centralized collection of regional trade commodities. As Muslim traders spread the faith along the coasts and river systems, they naturally bypassed Srivijaya's traditional Buddhist authorities, aligning themselves instead with emerging local Islamic leaders. These compounding military, economic, and religious factors ultimately led to the empire's dissolution.

•Kanem empire: northeast of Lake Chad in modern-day Chad Africa 700–1387 AD

From [AI overview]: Kanem-Bornu Empire: Centered around Lake Chad, this empire (later Kanem-Bornu) held a strategic monopoly on Saharan trade. Its leaders traded extensively with the Ottoman Empire, exchanging embassies and importing Ottoman firearms to equip their cavalry.

The next 37 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [55 to 63]

SOURCE COMPOSITION

Computer Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text Voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech Tor.App]

[PDF Speaker Text To Speech TTS

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Dekiru AI]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech

King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor]

MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer palcoder]

Photo Maker For Album Art Cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker

stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the picture, video and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[epic_trailer-216363]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

2:https://www.instagram.com/p/DP87dDxkU2b/?img_index=12

3:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYsNLotAm3y/?img_index=4

4:https://www.instagram.com/p/DP87dDxkU2b/?img_index=5

5:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWpnJGNklSt/?img_index=10

6:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ_HlanCbv_/?img_index=2

7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GSZw7Kbrm/

8:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZcuqLgCcUX/?img_index=4

9:https://histofreak.com/srivijaya-history-a-kingdom-thatruled-southeast-asias-seas-for-600-years/