Part 55 Timeline_the untold

Part 55 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 55
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Reconquista Iberian Peninsula

(Christian Muslim War) [death toll 7,000,000÷5] 711–1492 AD

•Khmer Empire Angkor 802–1431 AD

From [AI overview]: The Khmer Empire Diplomatic Deference Conflict & Threat: At the height of its power, the Khmer Empire (modern-day Cambodia) faced external threats in the 1280s when Mongol-led Yuan armies campaigned through Southeast Asia. However, the Mongols struggled heavily in the tropical climate. Trade & Relations: Instead of outright conquest, the Khmer Empire became a tributary state. The relationship was largely diplomatic and commercial. In 1296, the Yuan diplomat Zhou Daguan spent a year in Angkor, authoring The Customs of Cambodia, which remains our most vital historical record of daily life and trade in the Khmer capital. Warfare: Unlike Korea, the Mongols under Kublai Khan failed to conquer the Khmer Empire. The tropical, humid, and malaria-ridden geography of mainland Southeast Asia, combined with fierce localized resistance from the Khmer, Dai Viet, and Champa, prevented Mongol armies from securing a long-term foothold in the region. History & Relations: The Khmer rulers were geopolitical realists. Realizing that invading China was impossible and battling their neighbors was resource-draining, they opted to formally appease the Yuan dynasty through regular diplomatic and tributary missions, saving their military resources for conflicts with Champa. Trade: Cambodia Khmer empire was actively enmeshed or involved in maritime trading networks linking India and Yuan China. The Khmer traded local forest products and regional tribute in exchange for highly valued Chinese silks. Trade & History: The Khmer Empire relied on a massive international trade network. The relationship with Yuan China was mostly diplomatic. A famous 1296 diplomatic mission by Yuan emissary Zhou Daguan documented a thriving Angkor, noting that Chinese merchants settled there to trade fine silks, porcelain, and metalware for Cambodian spices, gold, and ivory. Warfare & Battles: By 1283, the Yuan Dynasty exerted severe military pressure on mainland Southeast Asia, forcing the Khmer Empire to pay tribute. However, the Mongol forces struggled in the tropical climate and were repelled by the Trần Dynasty of nearby Annam (modern Vietnam), ultimately sparing the Khmer core from direct Mongol conquest. Trade and Relations: The Khmer heavily participated in maritime and overland trade with Yuan China. The relationship is well documented because the Yuan diplomat Zhou Daguan visited Angkor in 1296. In his accounts, he detailed a thriving market economy in the Khmer Empire driven by Chinese merchants and noted that Chinese gold, silver, and silk fabrics were highly prized in the region. From [Wikipedia]: Diplomatic mission to Cambodia Khmer empire: Zhou Daguan was part of an official delegation sent by Yuan Dynasty Temür Khan in 1296, although official Chinese records made no mention of his mission. On 20 February 1296, Zhou Daguan set sail from Mingzhou (today's Ningbo) in Jiangzhe province (composing modern Zhejiang and some parts of Jiangsu and Anhui), on a compass guided ship, passing the ports of Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Quanzhou (Zaiton), the Island of Hainan, the Seven-Islands Sea (Qizhou yang), the sea off Central Vietnam coast (Jiaozhi Sea), and stopped over in Zhancheng or Champa (today's Qui Nhon). The ship resumed its trip past the province of Zhenpu (Bà Rịa in present-day southeastern Vietnam), through Poulo Condor Sea, then heading north on the Mekong River into Tonle Sap River reaching the town of Kampong Chhnang of Cambodia; from there he boarded a small boat, sailing for a dozen days, through Tonle Sap Lake arriving at Yaśodharapura (Angkor Thom), the capital of Cambodia in August. As part of the diplomatic mission, Zhou Daguan was given access to the Royal Palace, although not to the inner palace. He described the palaces and temples, along with the buildings in and around the city. He observed the parades and ceremonies as well as the daily life of the people, and he also travelled outside the capital to the countryside. For much of his stay in Cambodia, he lived in a house near the north gate of Angkor Thom. Zhou Daguan stayed in Cambodia for eleven months, and left in July 1297. He wrote the book The Customs of Cambodia within 15 years of his return, although the exact date of the book's completion is uncertain. Little is known of his life after his return, but he may have lived until the 1350s. From [AI overview]: Warfare and Defense: The Khmer never marched north to challenge China, protected by the dense, malaria-ridden jungles of the Indochinese peninsula and the rugged Annamite Range. Instead, they fought frequent regional conflicts against neighboring states like Champa. The Mongols attempted episodic incursions into Southeast Asia, but disease, unfamiliar terrain, and coordinated resistance from local kingdoms prevented the Mongols from securing a foothold. From [Wikipedia]: The Annamite Range is a major mountain range of Mainland Southeast Asia, extending approximately 1,100 km through Laos, Vietnam, and a small area in northeast Cambodia. The highest points of the Annamite Range are the 2,819 meter-high Phou Bia, the 2,720 meter-high Phu Xai Lai Leng and the 2,598 meter-high Ngọc Linh (Ngoc Pan). The latter is located at the northwestern edge of the Triassic Kontum Massif in central Vietnam. The Annamite Range runs parallel to the Vietnamese coast, in a gentle curve which divides the basin of the Mekong River from Vietnam's narrow coastal plain along the South China Sea. Most of the crests are on the Laotian side. The eastern slope of the range rises steeply from the plain, drained by numerous short rivers. The western slope is more gentle, forming significant plateaus before descending to the banks of the Mekong. The range itself has three main plateaus, from north to south: Phouane Plateau, Nakai Plateau and Bolaven Plateau.

•Norwegian Kingdom Norway

872–1814 AD

•Tondo Kingdom Philippine

900–1587 AD

From [AI overview]: European contact with the Srivijaya, Majapahit, and Tondo empires did not occur through battles but through the Age of Discovery. Westerners visited these empires as merchants, diplomats, and chroniclers seeking to control the lucrative Spice Trade. A medieval chronicler was a writer, typically a monk, cleric or religious official, court scribe or court reporter, who recorded historical events in chronological order. Acting as predecessors to modern historians, they kept official or semi-official accounts of the day's events, often focusing on royal reigns, religious milestones, and natural phenomena.

The next 33 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [56 to 63]

SOURCE COMPOSITION

Computer Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text Voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech Tor.App]

[PDF Speaker Text To Speech TTS

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Dekiru AI]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech

King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor]

MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer palcoder]

Photo Maker For Album Art Cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker

stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the picture, video and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[beyond-horizons-201654]

[dynasty-cinematic-royalty-free-music-190804]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER

2:https://fdownloader.net/en

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

3:https://share.google/xHI8voewBRuJx178r

4:https://www.instagram.com/p/DP87dDxkU2b/?img_index=3

5:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWpnJGNklSt/?img_index=3

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DNbZChpFg/

7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1E9UkA3ceY/