Part 56 Timeline_the untold

Part 56 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 56
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Goryeo Dynasty Korea 918–1392 AD

From [AI overview]: The Mongol Empire's relationship with Goryeo (Korea) began with bloody warfare. Starting in 1231, a series of relentless campaigns forced the Goryeo royal family to hold out for decades. The conflict ended in 1259 when Goryeo capitulated or surrendered, becoming a vassal state to the Yuan Dynasty for nearly 80 years. Military Integration: Goryeo was forced to serve as a military base for the Yuan Dynasty. The Mongols mobilized Goryeo's resources, soldiers, and tens of thousands of sailors for their disastrous or ill-fated invasions of Japan. Cultural and Trade Exchange: Despite a turbulent beginning, trade and cultural exchange flourished under a forced peace. Several Yuan princesses were married to Goryeo kings, establishing heavy Mongol influence (Mongolpung) on Korean fashion, language, and diet. Independence: The Mongol invasions of Goryeo (Korea) spanned from 1231 to 1259. Goryeo's military regime held out for nearly three decades by relocating the royal court to the heavily fortified Ganghwa Island. This protracted war of attrition ended when Goryeo agreed to a peace treaty, becoming a vassal state of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Terms of the Treaty: Goryeo agreed to destroy their coastal fortifications, return their capital to the mainland, and pay tribute to the Mongols. In return, the Mongols guaranteed the survival of the Goryeo dynasty, allowing it to retain its traditional customs and political institutions. From [Wikipedia]: Militarily, following the 1259 peace treaty, Mongol ambitions on Japan resulted in two invasions of Japan. In both efforts, the Mongols directed Korean shipbuilding and militarization towards the amphibious assault of the Japanese coasts and pressed a large proportion of Korean naval and infantry forces into the service of Mongol military objectives. Korea supplied 770 fully manned ships and 5,000 soldiers in 1274 and 900 ships and 10,000 soldiers in 1281. For a variety of reasons, both invasions failed. During the periods leading up to and during the invasions, Korea was effectively forced to serve as a Mongol military base. The Yuan dynasty paid for ships and soldiers in Goryeo with baochao paper money. From [AI overview]: As the Yuan Dynasty weakened in the 1350s, King Gongmin launched successful northern campaigns to oust Mongol garrisons and reclaim lost Goryeo territory. Internal Purges (1352–1356): He banned the wearing of Mongol attire, forbade the use of Mongol hairstyles, replacing them with traditional Han Chinese-style attire that historically connected Goryeo to the Middle Kingdom. Gongmin forced the court to revert to traditional Goryeo and earlier Chinese (Song dynasty) styles to reassert Korean national identity. King Gongmin executed powerful pro-Yuan aristocrats like Ki Cheol, symbolizing the shattering of Mongol influence over the Goryeo court.

•Tu'i Tonga empire: Pacific Ocean

950–1865 AD

•Holy Roman Central Europe

962–1806 AD

•Kingdom of Georgia also known as Georgian Empire 1008–1490 AD

•Trebizond empire: Pontus far northeastern corner of Anatolia, and portions of southern Crimea

1204–1461 AD

•Hoysala dynasty or empire India 1026–1343 AD

•Crusades (Europe Middle east)

[death toll 1,732,051÷2] 1095–1291 AD

From [AI overview]: The Mamluk Powerhouse: Emerging out of Egypt and Syria, the Mamluks were highly disciplined and became the premier military force in the Arab world, successfully fighting off both Crusader knights and Mongol horse archers. Failed Christian-Mongol Alliances: European Crusaders and the Mongols briefly attempted to form a "Franco-Mongol alliance" against the Mamluks. However, the alliance largely failed due to miscommunications and differing regional goals. From [https://www.history.com]: In November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the Pope called on Western Christians to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. This marked the beginning of the Crusades. The Crusades set the stage for several religious knightly military orders, including the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Hospitallers. These groups defended the Holy Land and protected Christian pilgrims traveling to and from the region. As the Crusaders struggled, a new dynasty, known as the Mamluks, descended from former slaves of the Islamic Empire, took power in Egypt. In 1260, Mamluk forces in Palestine managed to halt the advance of the Mongols, an invading force led by Genghis Khan and his descendants, which had emerged as a potential ally for the Christians in the region.

•Ethiopian empire

1137–1974 AD

From [AI overview]: Ethiopian Empire: Defending its sovereignty against both the Ottoman Empire and European colonizers, Ethiopia maintained early diplomatic relations with Portugal. A notable conflict saw Ethiopia, aided by Portuguese muskets, defeat the Adal Sultanate (which was backed by the Ottomans) at the 1543 Battle of Wayna Daga. Developed in the late 15th century, these musket weapons replaced older hand cannons. The Portuguese Empire famously utilized them to pioneer early modern warfare and even introduced the Matchlock technology to Japan in 1543. Because the Portuguese Empire peaked at the dawn of the Age of Discovery (the transition period between the end of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance), their armies utilized specific early gunpowder technologies.

•Ayyubid empire or dynasty

Middle East 1171–1341 AD

From [AI overview]: The Mongol conquests effectively ended the Ayyubid dynasty in 1260. Led by Hulagu Khan, the Mongols swept through the Middle East, destroying Ayyubid principalities in Syria and capturing cities like Aleppo and Damascus. The remaining Ayyubid leaders were largely deposed by the Mamluks. The Ayyubids (founded by Saladin) never fought the Mongols at the peak of their shared power. By the time of the Mongol invasion of the Levant (1259–1260), the Ayyubid realm was highly fragmented and had already lost control of Egypt to their former slave soldiers, the Mamluks, in 1250.

•Second Bulgarian Empire Balkans

1185–1422 AD

•Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Central Europe 1200–1569 AD

From [AI overview]: The expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a primary rival to the Golden Horde's western frontier. Grand Duke Algirdas notably defeated the Horde armies at the Battle of Blue Waters (1362), permanently stripping the Mongols of control over the Podolia and Kiev regions. The Conflict: As Lithuania expanded eastward into collapsing Rus' principalities, they frequently clashed with the Mongol Golden Horde. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania became the primary European power capable of checking Mongol dominance in the region. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania battled two major forces that sought to dominate Eastern Europe: the Crusaders (Teutonic and Livonian Orders) to the north and west, and the Mongols (Golden Horde) to the east. These conflicts shaped the medieval European balance of power.

The next 22 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [57 to 63]

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4:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea

5:https://historynet.com/mongol-khan-korea-invasion/

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EgEmhWbVo/

7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GCD6Hg3Rp/