Part 58 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN R 1279–1368 AD Yuan Dynasty & Mongol 元朝 16 Emperors Duration: 89 Years • Delhi Sultanate India 1206–1527 AD • Chagatai Khanate Transoxania Central Asia 1225–1687 AD • Tlemcen Kingdom Algeria Africa 1235–1556 AD • Mali Empire West Africa 1235–1610 AD From [ https://www.albert.io ]: Geography, the Camel, and the Foundation of Trade : The Sahara Desert spans approximately 9 million square kilometers — larger than Australia — of sand, rock, and hardship. Crossing it on foot is nearly impossible; crossing it with wheeled vehicles is suicide. The domestication of the dromedary camel (single-humped, adapted to extreme arid heat) transformed the Sahara from an impassable barrier into a navigable corridor. From [Wikipedia]: The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up 6%. Continued from [...
Part 58
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN R
1279–1368 AD
Yuan Dynasty & Mongol
元朝 16 Emperors
Duration: 89 Years
•Delhi Sultanate India 1206–1527 AD
•Chagatai Khanate Transoxania
Central Asia 1225–1687 AD
•Tlemcen Kingdom Algeria Africa
1235–1556 AD
•Mali Empire West Africa
1235–1610 AD
From [https://www.albert.io]: Geography, the Camel, and the Foundation of Trade: The Sahara Desert spans approximately 9 million square kilometers — larger than Australia — of sand, rock, and hardship. Crossing it on foot is nearly impossible; crossing it with wheeled vehicles is suicide. The domestication of the dromedary camel (single-humped, adapted to extreme arid heat) transformed the Sahara from an impassable barrier into a navigable corridor. From [Wikipedia]: The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up 6%. Continued from [https://www.albert.io]: Camels can travel for weeks with minimal water, cover 30–50 kilometers daily, and carry 300 pounds of cargo without exhaustion. They made the trans-Saharan trade economically viable in ways no other technology could. The foundation of trans-Saharan commerce was a simple but powerful imbalance: gold and salt. West Africa, particularly the Mali Empire and regions around Bambuk and Bure, possessed vast quantities of placer and alluvial gold that could be mined relatively easily. From [AI overview]: Placer gold is a broad term for heavy gold particles released from solid bedrock (lode) deposits and naturally concentrated by gravity in loose sediments. Alluvial gold is the most common sub-category of placer gold, specifically referring to deposits concentrated in or alongside flowing water, such as rivers and streams. Continued from [https://www.albert.io]: North Africa and the Sahara’s interior possessed vast deposits of rock salt in places like Taoudenni and Idjil. Neither region had much of the other, yet both were essential for survival and wealth. The price differentials were staggering: salt that cost mere pennies in the Sahara could be sold for its weight in gold on the southern edge of the desert. This asymmetry or counterbalance created the permanent incentive that kept merchants moving for centuries. Trade routes followed oasis chains and water sources that made the crossing survivable. Key oases included Sijilmasa (the gateway to Morocco and North African markets), Tamanrasset, and Araouane. These oases were not way stations only — they became permanent trading posts and collection centers where merchants bought, sold, and warehoused goods for weeks at a time. Caravan sizes ranged from dozens to thousands of camels, depending on the season and security conditions. The largest expeditions could take 40–50 days to cross the Sahara, with strict protocols for water rationing, night navigation by stars, and protection from raiders. From [AI overview]: Water scarcity is the physical lack or poor quality of sufficient water resources to meet demand, defined by nature and long-term climate. Medieval water rationing in the Sahara was governed by strict allocation systems for underground aquifers known as foggaras (horizontal subterranean tunnels that brought groundwater to the surface). Administered by water judges and strict registries (such as the Ezmmam), water rights were mathematically divided, tracked by time, and measured volumetrically using calibrated dividers called kasrias to prevent conflict and ensure equitable survival in oasis towns. Water management in the medieval Sahara—particularly in present-day Algeria (e.g., the Adrar and Timimoun regions) and Libya—was essential for both surviving in a hyper-arid environment and sustaining the massive trans-Saharan trade caravans. Caravan Protocols: For desert crossers, water rationing was planned stop-to-stop. When traversing long, dry stretches between waystations like Sijilmasa or Araouane, hydration was heavily managed, as carrying too much water compromised the cargo weight available for profitable gold or salt trade. Continued from [https://www.albert.io]: The trans-Saharan trade did not create Mali, but created conditions for dominance. The Mali Empire (1200–1500) controlled most West African gold-producing regions and major trading cities. Sundiata and Mansa Musa built empires by controlling trade choke points and extracting maximum revenue from commercial activity. State formation mechanics were straightforward: Tax the trade: Mali imposed tariffs on every transaction passing through its territories. Gold merchants paid duties to cross Mali’s borders; salt caravans paid to reach West African markets; horses and cloth paid transit fees. Over time, these tariffs funded standing armies, bureaucracies, and religious institutions. Mansa Musa’s ability to commission the Sankore Mosque, the University of Timbuktu, and lavish public works rested entirely on his control of trans-Saharan commerce. The routes also demanded stable governance. Caravans needed security from raiders; merchants needed predictable laws and fair courts; trading cities needed effective administration. Mali responded by establishing military governors in conquered cities and enforcing Islamic law in commercial zones. This state capacity — the ability to project power, maintain order, and regulate commerce fairly — made Mali rich and powerful. When Mali’s power declined in the 15th century, the Songhai Empire took control and became equally dominant. Trans-Saharan routes were smaller in absolute volume than Silk Roads or Indian Ocean trade, but had outsized regional impact. They brought the Islamic world into direct contact with West African gold supplies and fundamentally transformed political economy of the entire continent.
The next 17 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [59 to 63]
CONTENT COMPOSITION
Computer Software
APP: AppStore PlayStore
How my MP3 content is made, referred to my collective utilization of App and Computer Software Listed Below:
MP4 to MP3
In-Text Voice
MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker
MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion
Photo Maker For Album Art Cover
Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com
Content composition of Facebook Page “In-Brief Archives”, and of Blogger Page [www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com] in sound and music does not represent the picture, video and text contents. Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.
[grand_project-epic-emotional_short-2-197084]
[grand_project-time_medium-4-379693]
FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM
1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/
FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER
Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
4:https://correctmongolia.com/genghis-khan-children/
5:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19b8hF3zgv/
6:https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=2964059224
7:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYCfw4cDZW5/?img_index=2
8:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17WchsNvV2/
9:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXkNEjNDGGw/?img_index=2
10:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXkNEjNDGGw/?img_index=1
11:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19RjB1XZRi/
12:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19FxV76DJN/
13:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWRMHhdiFuA/
14:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6593249/
15:https://www.instagram.com/p/DafeiU6kTt_/?img_index=8
16:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaxXA3KEVuH/?img_index=9
17:https://www.liberatingnarratives.com/mapping-medieval-west-african-states/
18:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXSKp43k9tO/?img_index=3
19:https://www.minejxsc.com/ru/blog/placer-gold-vs-lode-gold-key-differences-explained/
20:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GnobjM1eJ/
21:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWByYYUFyu1/
22:https://www.instagram.com/p/DTeaCn4D-ZX/
23:http://year4learners.weebly.com/humanities-and-social-science.html
24:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/10161/salt-slabs-timbuktu/
25:https://www.instagram.com/p/DPqOkgOjt_E/?img_index=2
26:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaxXA3KEVuH/?img_index=3
27:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijilmasa#/media/File:Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg
28:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19piCRVGev/
29:https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/trans-saharan-trade-routes-ana-casaca-phd-fics-jxpzf
30:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HLuWzuJ8y/
31:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYTaBHRgizP/
32:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXxEvkFEcVk/
33:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EHpByEm6Z/
34:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DUNFwYLAE/
35:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaZtYO0jpYd/?img_index=4
36:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXvJLDHDG9K/
37:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CUoFPoPwX/
38:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1XY3mZDjsX/
40:https://share.google/flxux3xpWD7KrSuid
41:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYkW-PEDBvq/
42:https://share.google/v0Ah7Mk6mkfCMbCvp
43:https://muslimheritage.com/water-management/
44:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18903/map-of-the-mali-empire-under-mansa-musa-c1337/
45:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=2
46:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=3
47:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=5
48:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=7
49:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=8
50:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=9
51:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=6
52:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BqzcsoVuf/
53:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXRJ-mJCIYE/
54:https://share.google/kI1noorZmRVWpTBzy
55:https://www.instagram.com/p/DclhvhwgXrJ/
56:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXSKp43k9tO/?img_index=5
57:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXSKp43k9tO/?img_index=6
58:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ43EE9ABLY/?img_index=5
59:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYbWHg2CQAe/
Partial Screen Recorded Video From:
60:https://youtu.be/COpmRTtksPs?si=_qXT46SV2I-n0WEp
61:https://youtu.be/Ff87j_ccnkY?si=rGCOrBI7eIlwjayY
62:https://youtu.be/vx_ygrM0Ox8?si=iAhnOe7fj3B9zc_P
63:https://youtu.be/tZWhNAYzd5c?si=5yg1-GW1wgpSWJ3h
64:https://youtu.be/TK7eU58qQxM?si=oFvK63NS1uDzBJ2j
Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and
other websites:
65:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/76167030-map-north-africa-seasons-changing-time-lapse
66:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/332553068-aerial-orbiting-shot-road-vehicles-desert
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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