Part 59 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo Size 4096 × 4096 8.13 MB Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN R 1279–1368 AD Yuan Dynasty & Mongol 元朝 16 Emperors Duration: 89 Years • Golden Horde Central Asia 1240–1502 AD From [https://www.worldhistory.org]: In fact, one of the potential origins of the name “ Golden Horde ” is that the color derived from that of Batu's splendid golden tent. However, the color gold was associated with Genghis' family (called the “golden” family) and it was associated with the center in the Mongol's color system for cardinal directions, so those could also be potential origins. From [AI overview]: The traditional Mongol and Turko-Mongolian color system for cardinal directions associates each direction with a specific color from nature and mythology. In this system, North is represented by Black, East by Blue, South by Red, West by White, ...
Part 59
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN R
1279–1368 AD
Yuan Dynasty & Mongol
元朝 16 Emperors
Duration: 89 Years
•Golden Horde Central Asia
1240–1502 AD
From [https://www.worldhistory.org]: In fact, one of the potential origins of the name “Golden Horde” is that the color derived from that of Batu's splendid golden tent. However, the color gold was associated with Genghis' family (called the “golden” family) and it was associated with the center in the Mongol's color system for cardinal directions, so those could also be potential origins. From [AI overview]: The traditional Mongol and Turko-Mongolian color system for cardinal directions associates each direction with a specific color from nature and mythology. In this system, North is represented by Black, East by Blue, South by Red, West by White, and the Center by Yellow. Continued from [www.worldhistory.org]: Meanwhile, the Golden Horde became involved in the Balkans when a former Seljuk sultan was held captive by the Byzantine Empire. Nogai, with the help of the Golden Horde vassal Bulgaria, invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1271 CE and forced the emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos (1259-1281 CE) to marry one of his daughters to Nogai. From [AI overview]: A de facto ruler is a leader who exercises actual power and control over a country or organization in practice, regardless of whether they hold the official legal title. Nogai Khan (1299–1300) was a powerful general and de facto ruler of the western Golden Horde. A great-grandson of Genghis Khan, he never formally took the title of khan himself but commanded the Horde's western wing, wielding enough military influence to dictate terms across Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Continued from [www.worldhistory.org]: The khan Mengu-Timur (1266-1280 CE) opened the Golden Horde to trade, giving the Genoese and Venice trading colonies at Azov and Caffa, and ordering the Russians to allow German traders into their lands. After Mengu-Timur's death, Nogai was the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde. He raided Europe from Lithuania to Bulgaria and forced Serbia to accept vassalage. While Nogai was a powerful warrior leader, his death in 1299 CE did not overly halt the campaigns of the Golden Horde. From [AI overview]: The term vassalage refers to the relationship between said vassal and his suzerain. Usually, the suzerain granted his vassal land in exchange for taxes and military service in times of need. Feudalism and vassalage originated in the Roman Empire, whose manors were run by aristocratic lords who had power over locals. [https://www.thecollector.com] Source: Yet alongside exploitation, the Golden Horde also opened doors to unprecedented economic connections. The Horde’s dominion stretched across the Eurasian steppe, linking the Slavic lands with Central Asia, Persia, and China. Merchants from Genoa, Venice, and the Muslim world established trading posts in Black Sea ports such as Caffa and Tana, which flourished under Mongol protection. Through these routes, Eastern European merchants gained access to luxury goods like silk, spices, and precious metals, while exporting furs, slaves, and grain. The Mongols also provided some security along the trade arteries of the Silk Road, ensuring that caravans and envoys could pass through their territory with fewer risks. This stability benefited urban centers in Rus’, where new markets and crafts took root. The Golden Horde promoted prosperity even as it drained wealth through taxation. From [AI overview]: Emerging during the Migration Period, early Slavic tribes were first prominently recorded in the 6th century by Byzantine and Roman historians. Beginning in the 7th century, the Slavs were gradually Christianized and shifted from independent, loosely affiliated tribes into powerful medieval states. Key empires included the First Bulgarian Empire, the Kievan Rus', the Great Moravia empire, and the Kingdom of Poland. Culturally and religiously, these lands were transformed during the Middle Ages through gradual Christianization. Slavic territories found themselves bridging the divide between the Roman Catholic Church in the West (e.g., Poland, Bohemia, Croatia) and the Eastern Orthodox Church tied to the Byzantine Empire (e.g., Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, Serbia). [https://www.oca.org] Source: In the 13th century Kieven Rus was overwhelmed by the Mongolian invasion. The Tatar Yoke fell over the land when Khan Batu, a grandson of the Mongolian conqueror Ghengis Khan, led the four hundred thousand horsemen of the Golden Horde into the Russian lands in 1237. The Kievan state collapsed in 1240. From [https://www.ebsco.com]: The Golden Horde was a significant political entity and subdivision of the Mongol Empire that emerged in the early 13th century and lasted until the late 15th century. Established by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, the Golden Horde exerted control over a vast area of southern Russia, including key cities like Kiev and Moscow, after a series of destructive campaigns. Although initially part of the Mongol Empire, it gradually became an independent state by the 14th century, while maintaining a loose grip on Russian principalities. The power of the Golden Horde began to wane in the 15th century, particularly due to internal strife and the rise of Moscow. Key figures such as Ivan the Great played a pivotal role in the decline of Mongol influence, culminating in or having reached the cessation of tribute payments in 1476 and the eventual military confrontations that led to the Horde's dissolution. By the early 1500s, the Golden Horde had fragmented, with remnants ultimately absorbed into emerging Russian territories. The end of the Golden Horde signified not only the conclusion of Mongol rule in Russia but also the rise of a more unified Russian state, laying the groundwork for future developments in Russian history. From [AI overview]: Types of Tribute Payment: Tribute was heavily diversified. It included direct silver taxes (Yasak or Alba), commercial/transit taxes (Tamga), and "in-kind" deliveries such as agricultural products, furs, weapons, and conscripted soldiers. Volume of Tribute collection: In 1275, the total volume extracted from Russian lands reached roughly 1.5 tons of silver. By the mid-14th century, this volume grew to 2–3 tons (roughly 12,000 to 14,000 silver rubles per year). 3 tons of silver is worth approximately $3,530,000 to $3,850,000 today. Societal Wealth: When the Golden Horde or Mongol Empire demanded "three tons of silver" in tribute from conquered principalities (such as the early Russian states), it drained the local economies of nearly all their liquid capital. This amount could fund large standing armies, build major fortifications, or secure vast diplomatic alliances. Labor & Goods: Because silver was much scarcer and harder to mine before modern industrialization, three tons represented years of collective labor output across an entire province or duchy. Collection Strategy: Instead of fixed sums per state, the Mongols demanded a "tenth of everything"—10% of all livestock, men, horses, and agricultural yields. For herders, this often scaled to one animal per hundred, exempting herds under 100 to ensure future viability. Military & Labor Levies: While cash and commodities were the primary focus, the Golden Horde also demanded military service or quotas of horses, men, and craftsmen to support their empire's infrastructure and postal network (yam). Exemptions: The clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church was granted limited tax exemptions under special decrees (known as Yarlyks) issued by khans like Öz Beg, though they were still expected to pray for the khan.
The next 16 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [60 to 63]
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[russian-land-loop-88761-1]
[grand_project-creative-rise_40sec-178302]
[grand_project-warrior_52sec-192839]
FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM
1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/
FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER
Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
4:https://www.facebook.com/share/1Dpeeffw5t/
5:https://www.britannica.com/place/Golden-Horde
6:https://bathosbardess.tumblr.com/
7:https://www.instagram.com/p/DOzf0HcETqc/
8:https://qalam.global/en/articles/byzantium-and-the-turks-the-fall-and-rise-of-civilizations-en-6
9:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Ebyc9xAJB/
10:https://share.google/V6Or26RBF2sibakQb
11:https://en.kinorium.com/734155/
12:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXtNM0NH8LN/
13:https://venicecityproject.wordpress.com/how-venice-has-contributed-to-the-definition-of-europe/
14:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade
15:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbBBgWWEeis/?img_index=7
16:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15424/the-feudal-society-in-medieval-europe/
17:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbBBgWWEeis/?img_index=11
18:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1PxgMhLo3D/
19:https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-history/what-is-feudalism/
20:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=3
21:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=4
22:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=9
23:https://www.facebook.com/share/1HyThmzA9t/
24:https://www.facebook.com/share/1DArvet4XS/
25:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19XZM8KMDJ/
26:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX7DTSdjNwN/?img_index=2
27:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14s8FcWryfM/
28:https://www.instagram.com/p/CjyJYVoMqAh/
29:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CSZj8j6s6/
30:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EaZnn3v7F/
31:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HwssL2GQ7/
32:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19aMnGAbGV/
33:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19NJEh7tN6/
34:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1MKhc5mdyC/
35:https://www.kinoafisha.info/en/movies/8371814/
36:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JuCdsUVLh/
37:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1QdRYwiYeN/
38:https://schoolhistory.co.uk/medieval/ivan-the-great/
39:https://schoolhistory.co.uk/early-modern/ivan-the-terrible/
40:https://www.facebook.com/share/1Dath3Vatb/
41:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Dp2YWKiuf/
42:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Golden_Horde
45:https://share.google/CZmSCu6kfOZ2XVS3k
47:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcWg1vDgYJZ/?img_index=5
48:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcWg1vDgYJZ/?img_index=6
49:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcWg1vDgYJZ/?img_index=2
50:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1H9v14SLca/
51:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarlig
52:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14r9uKEkZWx/
53:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYS2a9MDBNO/?img_index=4
54:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=5
Partial Screen Recorded Video From:
55:https://youtu.be/7W4hKMFBCyM?si=aH014-GCKukzf4Oe
56:https://youtu.be/2D37NP_KccI?si=vTJYILHskvkPYHZp
57:https://youtu.be/MEjhB5_Te4A?si=IkxOMMWg3kJOlI2q
58:https://youtu.be/Azm6NtijsWk?si=cb8GWDVV9Aw9Ns3u
59:https://youtu.be/7W4hKMFBCyM?si=HcoonaMqf-acF3Q7
60:https://youtu.be/TSlddglkl_Y?si=RNOpBWq3gYoFCPLv
61:https://youtu.be/y5w5zXTibqA?si=DFrurY2hzlvRSJjH
62:https://youtu.be/zwqzbRCwfQM?si=XIMWRzQnbxboUJk_
63:https://youtu.be/PT0Vcm_WuRI?si=E-GaA6NowxvDW_Wj
64:https://youtu.be/NxfLI102xQA?si=YtFZj2y8QWkvKPdR
65:https://youtu.be/o_yOyT7CKoQ?si=v4lKfGvRHxYuAckN
Film Documentary From:
66:https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Nogai%20Khan/3505262
Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and
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67:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/129982626-heap-silver-nuggets-background-seamless-loopable
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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