Part 60 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo Size 4096 × 4096 8.15 MB Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN R 1279–1368 AD Yuan Dynasty & Mongol 元朝 16 Emperors Duration: 89 Years • Marinid dynasty Morocco 1244–1465 AD From [AI overview]: The Marinids of Morocco and the Kingdom of Tlemcen (Algeria) were bitter rivals in the Maghreb . During the Reconquista, Marinids intervened directly in the Iberian Peninsula to save Al-Andalus, while Tlemcen allied with Christian Castile against them to disrupt Marinid supply lines and curb their imperial ambitions. Marinid Interventions : Fearing a total collapse of Muslim rule in Spain, the Marinid dynasty (centered in Fez) crossed the Strait of Gibraltar multiple times starting in the late 13th century, capturing strategic ports like Algeciras and Gibraltar. Tlemcen's Strategic Counter : To weaken the Marinids, Tlemcen forged alliances w...
Part 60
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN R
1279–1368 AD
Yuan Dynasty & Mongol
元朝 16 Emperors
Duration: 89 Years
•Marinid dynasty Morocco
1244–1465 AD
From [AI overview]: The Marinids of Morocco and the Kingdom of Tlemcen (Algeria) were bitter rivals in the Maghreb. During the Reconquista, Marinids intervened directly in the Iberian Peninsula to save Al-Andalus, while Tlemcen allied with Christian Castile against them to disrupt Marinid supply lines and curb their imperial ambitions. Marinid Interventions: Fearing a total collapse of Muslim rule in Spain, the Marinid dynasty (centered in Fez) crossed the Strait of Gibraltar multiple times starting in the late 13th century, capturing strategic ports like Algeciras and Gibraltar. Tlemcen's Strategic Counter: To weaken the Marinids, Tlemcen forged alliances with the Crown of Castile and Portugal, providing naval and strategic support against Marinid forces across the Strait. The Military Orders: The Crown of Castile and Portugal shared deep ties in the Reconquista. The Castilian Order of Calatrava actually expanded into Portugal, eventually transforming into the famous Order of Aviz. Similarly, the Portuguese Order of Christ—which succeeded the Knights Templar—worked alongside the Castilian Orders of Santiago and Alcántara to push back Moorish forces. From [https://www.pyramking.com]: When most people think of the Templars, they imagine the Crusades in the Holy Land. Yet their most enduring legacy may not lie in Jerusalem, but in Iberia. Without them, there might not be Portugal today. Age of Discovery: The Templars in Portugal were never just warriors. They were: Engineers, raising castles, bridges, and fortifications that still dominate the landscape; Shipbuilders and sailors, active along the Tagus and Atlantic coasts; Navigators and cartographers, preserving and expanding precious geographical knowledge; Administrators and bankers, masters of organization, logistics, and resources.
•Mamluk Sultanate Egypt Syria 1250–1517 AD
From [AI overview]: During the 11th to 13th centuries, the Middle East was completely transformed by three converging forces: Christian Crusaders, the expanding Islamic Arab states, and the devastating Mongol invasions. This era witnessed catastrophic sieges, dramatic shifts in power, and complex diplomatic alliances across the Near East. Sourced from [www.worldhistory.org]: The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (1250–1517) emerged from the military elite of the late Ayyubid state and transformed a palace coup into one of the most durable powers of the late medieval Islamic world. Following the death of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb (reign 1240–1249), his mamlūk regiments in Egypt seized authority (1250), briefly elevating Shajar al-Durr before consolidating rule under Aybak (reign 1250–1257). Although the early decades were marked by factional rivalries between competing military households, the sultanate quickly established legitimacy through military success and custodianship of key Islamic territories. Its decisive victory over the Mongols at the Battle of ʿAyn Jālūt (1260), under Sultan Qutuz (reign 1259–1260) and Baybars (reign 1260–1277), halted further Mongol expansion into Syria and Egypt, reinforcing Cairo’s strategic centrality in the eastern Mediterranean. Over the following decades, the Mamluks dismantled the remaining Crusader strongholds, culminating in the fall of Acre (1291), and consolidated control over Egypt, Syria, the Levant, and the Hijaz. Under rulers such as al-Nasir Muhammad (reign 1293–1294; 1299–1309; 1310–1341), the sultanate developed a centralized administrative structure supported by iqṭāʿ land grants, a powerful cavalry elite, and revenues derived from Red Sea and Mediterranean trade networks, particularly the spice trade. Control of Mecca and Medina enhanced its religious prestige, while architectural patronage in Cairo symbolized political authority. Despite cycles of court intrigue and elite factionalism, the regime endured for over 260 years until defeat by the expanding Ottoman Empire under Selim I (reign 1512–1520) at Marj Dābiq (1516) and al-Ridāniyya (1517), integrated Egypt and Syria into a rapidly consolidating imperial system, marking a major shift in the balance of power within the eastern Mediterranean and the broader Islamic world. From [AI overview]: Court intrigue and elite factionalism refer to the covert power struggles, shifting alliances, and competition for influence that occur among the ruling class within a central government or royal court.
From [https://www.historytoday.com]: The word Mamluk means ‘owned’ and the Mamluks were not native to Egypt but were always slave soldiers, mainly Qipchak Turks from Central Asia. In principle (though not always in practice) a Mamluk could not pass his property or title to his son, indeed sons were in theory denied the opportunity to serve in Mamluk regiments, so the group had to be constantly replenished from outside sources. The Bahri Mamluks were mainly natives of southern Russia and the Burgi comprised chiefly of Circassians from the Caucasus. Boys of about 13 would be captured from areas to the north of the Persian empire, and trained to become an elite force for the personal use of the sultan or higher lords. The Arabic word Ghulam (boy) was sometimes employed for the bodyguards they would become. The boys would be sent by the caliph or sultan to enforce his rule as far afield as Spain (Venice and Genoa were major players in their transportation despite Papal interdictions or church prohibition) and sold to the commanders of the Islamic governments of the region. Under their new masters they were manumitted, converted to Islam, and underwent intensive military training. As steppe people, they had more in common with the Mongols than with the peoples of Syria and Egypt among whom they lived. And they kept their garrisons distinct, not mixing with the populace in the territories. The contemporary Arab historian Abu Shama noted after the Mamluk victory over the Mongols at Ayn Jalut in 1260 that, ‘the people of the steppe had been destroyed by the people of the steppe’.
•Massacre of the French in Sicily: Kingdom of Sicily Revolt
[death toll 3,000] 1282 AD
•St. Lucia's flood, storm surge Holy Roman Empire: Location Netherlands and Northern Germany [death toll 80,000] in the year of 1287
The next 12 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [61 to 63]
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Content composition of Facebook Page “In-Brief Archives”, and of Blogger Page [www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com] in sound and music does not represent the picture, video and text contents. Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.
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FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM
1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/
FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER
Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
4:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19bdXwns8N/
5:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marinids_Zayyanids_and_Hafsids_c1360.png
6:https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maghreb_15th_Century.svg
7:https://vocal.media/art/the-conquest-of-al-andalus
9:https://share.google/J9bvMhirSzcT1FzIj
10:https://share.google/tFzZ3BoGzBVlCItnC
11:https://www.deviantart.com/williammarshalstore/art/Military-Orders-Symbols-Poster-580905564
12:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CYYMQpHsn/
13:https://share.google/oahW895owErs7yJM1
14:https://m.arteguias.com/convento/conventual-san-benito-alcantara.htm
15:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19HFeqaDvU/
16:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1F8txEKyhw/
17:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXX_xH-jOnD/?img_index=6
19:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14pRbw52UTJ/
20:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc8n4mHDUu1/?img_index=7
21:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc8n4mHDUu1/?img_index=4
22:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc8n4mHDUu1/?img_index=13
23:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut
24:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/20583/map-of-the-crusader-states-outremer-1096-1291/
25:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdUWhMqmmth/?img_index=7
26:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdUWhMqmmth/?img_index=5
27:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdUWhMqmmth/?img_index=6
28:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12208/mamluk-frankish-and-mongol-movement-in-1271-2-ce/
29:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16003/map-of-the-mamluk-sultanate-of-egypt-c-1330/
30:https://about-history.com/the-history-of-the-mamluk-sultanate-1250-1517/
31:https://www.deviantart.com/benjiskyler/art/Ayyubid-Dynasty-Sultans-of-Egypt-982753824
32:https://www.instagram.com/p/DH5X9VWRMeB/?img_index=3
33:https://share.google/uvPqi4brL680BuvgA
34:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1C5jUixAza/
35:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19sGB6qhFi/
36:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CJ1tSdube/
37:https://www.jimbsail.info/mediterranean/levant
38:https://fx-companion.com/map-mamluk-egypt-syria-2/
40:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbTkcsRDEk9/?img_index=1
41:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbTkcsRDEk9/?img_index=2
42:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1E4FwK7FEi/
43:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdJ8zIVEz1D/
44:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdJ8zIVEz1D/?img_index=6
45:https://share.google/2ITg53r4skHVzSKIC
46:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1bamAhWUoo/
47:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DFpGtj1qC/
48:https://pennocle.com/from-slaves-to-sultans-the-mamluks-who-saved-islam/
49:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=1
50:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=2
51:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=3
52:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=4
53:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=5
54:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=6
55:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=7
56:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=8
57:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=9
58:https://www.instagram.com/p/DABga9uOGo9/?img_index=2
59:https://www.instagram.com/p/DH6EEjxuJS8/?img_index=1
60:https://note.com/large_kiwi7929/n/n3dba4181f2c3?hl=en
61:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1dRkUp7WzV/
62:https://alchetron.com/St.-Lucia%27s-flood
63:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/st-lucia-s-flood/481/7705
Screen Recorded Map Viewer From:
64:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/st-lucia-s-flood/481/7705
Partial Screen Recorded Video From:
65:https://youtu.be/IlEskViZF8U?si=T_id8hAMaHfDkvAv
66:https://youtu.be/pFOL-zOv-ZI?si=kq5Kxp-Qfmly0yIt
67:https://youtu.be/f0hmckEf1OY?si=U2UF2IaEnh2AP1me
68:https://youtu.be/WUcoNSJb5hY?si=Z-D_o6JDrMuG3DIx
69:https://youtu.be/cJEr7661Oww?si=5-gqCC43BxXEUhzN
70:https://youtu.be/_3dEat5Q61s?si=-wlnXWOpZsIZuO-h
71:https://youtu.be/KqLHaysjRlI?si=rxRzcivwpoaaPt8Y
72:https://youtu.be/tbbUHwXlkWk?si=jLwh3Or7XvwjTxps
73:https://youtu.be/7W4hKMFBCyM?si=giv03JdHXGoqaSb0
74:https://youtu.be/EPbzjsAMaYY?si=LNnQWHvZUup1jmqm
75:https://youtu.be/cIfOyvUU35s?si=HgX8w8TES87w8MAj
Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and
other websites:
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Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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