Part 61 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo Size 4096 × 4096 7.87 MB Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN R 1279–1368 AD Yuan Dynasty & Mongol 元朝 16 Emperors Duration: 89 Years • Khilji or Khalji dynasty 1290–1320 AD From [AI overview]: The Khalji (or Khilji) dynasty of 1290–1320 is firmly a part of India's history. They were a Turco-Afghan dynasty that established and ruled the second empire of the Delhi Sultanate . While their ancestors and some nobles originated from the Garmsir region of present-day Afghanistan, the dynasty itself operated out of Delhi, controlling large parts of the Indian subcontinent. Maritime Hubs : Khilji control of Gujarat and Malabar coast ports connected India’s cotton, linen, and gems to international merchants travelling to the Middle East, East Africa, and the Indonesian archipelago. Mongol Treaties & Conflicts : The wars against the Mongols s...
Part 61
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN R
1279–1368 AD
Yuan Dynasty & Mongol
元朝 16 Emperors
Duration: 89 Years
•Khilji or Khalji dynasty 1290–1320 AD
From [AI overview]: The Khalji (or Khilji) dynasty of 1290–1320 is firmly a part of India's history. They were a Turco-Afghan dynasty that established and ruled the second empire of the Delhi Sultanate. While their ancestors and some nobles originated from the Garmsir region of present-day Afghanistan, the dynasty itself operated out of Delhi, controlling large parts of the Indian subcontinent. Maritime Hubs: Khilji control of Gujarat and Malabar coast ports connected India’s cotton, linen, and gems to international merchants travelling to the Middle East, East Africa, and the Indonesian archipelago. Mongol Treaties & Conflicts: The wars against the Mongols simultaneously restricted trade via Central Asia, forcing the Sultanate to rely on indigenous self-sufficiency and internal commerce rather than Silk Road trade. Following subsequent Mongol incursions in 1303 (where Mongols sacked the outskirts of Delhi) and 1305, Alauddin Khalji implemented a strict defensive and offensive strategy. He built strong frontier forts, repaired old ones, and sent generals to regularly raid Mongol territories in Afghanistan.
•Zhili or Chihli earthquake Mongol Empire: Location near present-day Ningcheng in Inner Mongolia (China) [death toll 100,000] 27 September 1290
•Majapahit Empire Malay Archipelago
1293–1527 AD From [Wikipedia]: Established by Raden Wijaya in 1292, Majapahit rose to power after the Mongol invasion of Java and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuvana and her son Hayam Wuruk, whose reigns in the mid-14th century were marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1293 to invade Java, an island in modern Indonesia, with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers. This was intended as a punitive expedition against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed or disfigured one of their emissaries. Kublai, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, had sent envoys to many states demanding that they pay tributes and submit themselves to Yuan China. Men-shi or Meng-qi, one of his ministers, was sent to Java (Singhasari) but was not well received there. The king of Singhasari, Kertanegara, was offended by Men-shi's proposal and branded his face with a hot iron as was done to common thieves, cut his ears, and scornfully sent him on his way. Kublai Khan was shocked and ordered a punitive expedition against Kertanegara, whom he labeled a barbarian, in 1292. The campaign also had other objectives. According to Kublai Khan, if the Yuan forces were able to defeat Singhasari, the other countries around it would submit themselves. The Yuan dynasty could then control the Asian sea trade routes, because of the strategic geographical position of the archipelago in trading.
•Wars of Scottish Independence Scotland England [death toll 77,459] 1296–1357 AD From [Wikipedia]: The Scottish wars (1296–1357) were two extended military conflicts in which the Kingdom of England attempted to establish control over the Kingdom of Scotland. In spite of significant temporary successes, the English efforts in both wars ultimately failed due to Scottish resistance and Scotland remained an independent country. From [AI overview]: Disrupted Trade & Agriculture: The fighting pulled peasants away from agricultural production and paralyzed vital cross-border trade, meaning regions affected by the famine could not easily import food. While the wars did not cause the continental weather crisis, they exacerbated the starvation and economic disaster locally in Scotland and Northern England, which was related in part to Great European Famine in Europe.
•Ottoman Empire 1299–1922 AD
From [AI overview]: The Mongols & Timurids: While the early Ottomans grew in the power vacuum left by the declining Mongol-weakened Seljuq dynasty, they directly clashed with the Turco-Mongol leader Timur (Tamerlane). Timur disastrously defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, capturing Sultan Bayezid I and throwing the empire into a decade-long civil war. Safavid Empire: To the east, the Ottomans frequently clashed with the Persian Safavids over territorial and religious dominance, resulting in pivotal battles such as the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. The Ottomans became the ultimate gatekeepers between East and West. After capturing Constantinople and defeating the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517, they controlled vital portions of the overland Silk Road and Red Sea maritime spice routes. By imposing heavy taxes and monopolizing trade, they inadvertently pushed European empires—such as Spain and Portugal—to seek new, all-water oceanic routes around Africa, permanently shifting global commerce. This economic dominance also forced Europeans to seek alternative oceanic routes to Asia, triggering the Age of Exploration. Crusaders: The Ottomans repeatedly clashed with European crusading coalitions. In 1396, Sultan Bayezid I crushed a major European force at the Battle of Nicopolis, solidifying Ottoman control in the Balkans. Later, in 1453, Mehmed II captured Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire. European powers actively sought out new naval routes (initiating the Age of Discovery) largely to bypass these Ottoman tolls. Internally, the Ottomans engaged in the Capitulation system—special trade agreements granting low customs rates to allied European nations (such as the French and English) in exchange for diplomatic alliances or war resources like tin and steel. Capitulations: To maintain diplomatic ties and generate state revenue via customs duties, the Ottomans granted trading privileges to European powers. For example, the sultan gave Francis I of France freedom of trade in 1536. European Competition: Nations like Venice, France, and England fiercely competed for these trading rights, supplying the Ottomans with important arms, tin, and steel. Shifting Dynamics: When European powers found new sea routes around the Cape of Good Hope of Southern Africa, the Ottoman Empire's monopoly on overland trade routes weakened. From [Wikipedia]: The Ottoman Empire, historically also known as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state that spanned much of Southeastern Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century to the early 20th century, centred in modern-day Turkey. It also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and 18th centuries.
The next 7 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [62 to 63]
CONTENT COMPOSITION
Computer Software
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How my MP3 content is made, referred to my collective utilization of App and Computer Software Listed Below:
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In-Text Voice
MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker
MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion
Photo Maker For Album Art Cover
Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com
Content composition of Facebook Page “In-Brief Archives”, and of Blogger Page [www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com] in sound and music does not represent the picture, video and text contents. Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.
[epic-231521]
[grand_project-political-documentary-background-the-last-resolution_35-sec-505624]
FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM
1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/
FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER
Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
4:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/1290-chihli-earthquake/481/7502
5:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate
6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GxcvSeN1S/
7:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db727EeCYwu/?img_index=2
8:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db727EeCYwu/?img_index=1
9:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dcv8U59D10N/?img_index=1
10:https://www.liberatingnarratives.com/sewha-indian-ocean-workshop/
11:https://www.indiaonthisday.com/blog/historic-trade-routes-of-india-a-timeline-of-global-commerce/
12:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_h1FGJYst/
13:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=1
14:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=2
15:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=3
16:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=4
17:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=5
18:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=6
19:https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/488
20:https://www.britannica.com/place/Majapahit-empire
21:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=19
22:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=16
23:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1F2zgaaZyL/
24:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Majapahit_Kings_Genealogy.gif
25:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rajasa_Dynasty.svg
26:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D7ZjVDcBG/
27:https://www.suarakuningan.com/2026/06/mengapa-tanah-jawa-sulit-ditaklukkan.html?m=1
28:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1MozMAbuwf/
29:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBALKxjRyA/?img_index=6
30:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CAuZjmrWH/
31:https://sevenswords.uk/battle-of-dunbar-1296/
32:https://www.facebook.com/share/1cRWDzZtEA/
33:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcB-vsuILpE/
34:https://share.google/wt1jTVbIzMTYfpY1r
35:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18rARRMYCr/
36:https://share.google/61d2Yfb7wCjqMKPug
37:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcluDyBCt3I/
39:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samagar
40:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX9kHzxCkFk/?img_index=2
41:https://periklisdeligiannis.wordpress.com/timur-empire/
42:https://elon.io/learn-world-history-1/lesson/17.1.1-ottoman-growth
43:https://www.instagram.com/p/C9mksqot2-k/
44:https://www.instagram.com/p/DSU5g6_kn2r/
45:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1C9jFkaixU/
46:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeMJcWRDtIY/?__d=1&img_index=6
47:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeMJcWRDtIY/?__d=1&img_index=5
48:https://historycollection.com/ottoman-empire-map-territory-at-its-height/
49:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HME8YmxtQ/
50:https://sevenswords.uk/battle-of-nicopolis-1396/
51:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1C8RgDpt1z/
52:https://azizyardimli.com/ottoman/DT_CKM_2018-19_osmanli_SAVA%C5%9ELAR_ni%C4%9Fbolu_nicopolis22.html
53:https://share.google/QoDJzyfKJeviznrt0
54:https://historycollection.com/was-the-ottoman-empire-turkish/
55:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbBBgWWEeis/?img_index=2
56:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14123/map-of-the-portuguese-commercial-empire-c-1580/
Partial Screen Recorded Video From:
58:https://youtu.be/q-GQSUmR7no?si=hQRWZyljZRsvnAh-
59:https://youtu.be/kDKUwvt9lXw?si=Yg11joY-6IOIqYaN
60:https://youtu.be/abQcYFRjZ7k?si=YDfXe5UEUcnp3Qx1
61:https://youtu.be/KuJCG7woR8U?si=NOsHqLGpkp_iLl8-
62:https://youtu.be/45eEKHAs9h8?si=EPxQluYGiAf3dxPt
63:https://youtu.be/pFOL-zOv-ZI?si=qCBfKNAtrkReSJvV
64:https://youtu.be/UnZ7TySDSs0?si=nwyhDTHiewBujHbc
65:https://youtu.be/TK7eU58qQxM?si=XHRaUjr0Ck1TXrD0
Screen Recorded Map Viewer From
66:https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/488
67:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/1290-chihli-earthquake/481/7502
Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and
other websites:
69:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/309431806-maps-ottoman-empire-seen-space
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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