Part 63 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo Size 4096 × 4096 8.13 MB Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN R 1279–1368 AD Yuan Dynasty & Mongol 元朝 16 Emperors Duration: 89 Years • Songhai Empire West Africa 1340–1591 AD From [AI overview]: The defining feature of the trans-Saharan trade was the highly lucrative exchange of West African gold for Saharan salt . West African empires exchanged vast quantities of abundant gold for essential rock salt from the Saharan desert. This network connected sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean using massive camel caravans and facilitated profound cultural and religious diffusion. West Africa (such as the regions controlled by the Mali and Songhai empires) possessed massive gold deposits but lacked salt, which was critical for preserving food and health. The Sahara Desert was rich in salt but lacked gold, creating a perfect interdepen...
Part 63
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold
Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo
Click on PDF to download from Part 1
COLUMN R
1279–1368 AD
Yuan Dynasty & Mongol
元朝 16 Emperors
Duration: 89 Years
•Songhai Empire West Africa
1340–1591 AD
From [AI overview]: The defining feature of the trans-Saharan trade was the highly lucrative exchange of West African gold for Saharan salt. West African empires exchanged vast quantities of abundant gold for essential rock salt from the Saharan desert. This network connected sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean using massive camel caravans and facilitated profound cultural and religious diffusion. West Africa (such as the regions controlled by the Mali and Songhai empires) possessed massive gold deposits but lacked salt, which was critical for preserving food and health. The Sahara Desert was rich in salt but lacked gold, creating a perfect interdependent economy. The Gold-Salt Axis: Gold from West Africa was exchanged for essential Saharan salt. Because salt was a vital commodity for preserving food and maintaining health, it held equivalent value to gold and was sometimes used as currency. Camel Caravans: Known as the "ships of the desert," camels were the lifeblood of this trade. Their ability to endure extreme temperatures and travel long distances without water made traversing the harsh, arid Sahara possible. Diverse Trade Goods: Beyond the primary gold and salt, merchants also traded enslaved people, ivory, ostrich feathers, and kola nuts northward, while importing textiles, glass, metal goods, and horses southward. During the medieval period, ostrich feathers were highly prized, exotic status symbols imported from Egypt, Syria, and West Africa. European nobility and knights used them to decorate military headgear, as heraldic badges to display lineage, and as luxury fashion accessories like hand-held fans. By the late 14th and 15th centuries, as the Venetian trade routes flourished, ostrich feathers became a popular fashion statement, attached to the hats of both men and wealthy noblewomen. During the medieval period, the kola nut was a vital commodity in West Africa, deeply integrated into trans-Saharan trade networks. It served as a powerful natural stimulant, religious rites, revered social and diplomatic token, and even functioned as a standard form of currency across regional African markets. Revered social and diplomatic token refers to state gifts, diplomatic medals, or ceremonial tokens. As early as the 12th century, the nuts were recognized in Islamic medicine for their stimulant properties and as a treatment for stomach complaints. Kola nuts are chewed to suppress hunger and fatigue, they acted as a stimulant in long-distance trade, provided energy during military campaigns, and improved the taste of poor-quality water. Spread of Islam: Muslim Arab and Berber merchants played a central role as middlemen. Along with commercial goods, they introduced Islam to West Africa, which unified various regions and led to the establishment of great Islamic scholarly and architectural hubs like Timbuktu. Rise of Powerful Empires: The wealth generated by taxing these routes allowed for the rise of wealthy, centralized empires in West Africa, such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Wealth and State-Building: By taxing the goods that passed through their territories, West African kingdoms—such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai—amassed legendary wealth and centralized their political structures.
•Serbia empire evolved from Kingdom of Serbia 1346–1371 AD From [AI overview]: The Kingdom: Established in 1217 under the Nemanjić dynasty. It gained wealth from the exploitation of silver mines and lucrative trade routes with the Mediterranean. Mining Wealth: The Serbian kingdom's expanding power was heavily funded by silver and gold mining, operated largely by Saxon miners who migrated from Hungary. Lucrative Trade: With a booming economy, the Serbian state was heavily engaged in commercial trade. They traded primarily with the coastal merchant republics of Venice and Dubrovnik (Ragusa), allowing the kingdom to fund a formidable mercenary army. The Byzantine Rivalry: The primary rival during Serbia's expansion was the Byzantine Empire. Serbia's kings (most notably King Stefan Uroš II Milutin) seized on the crises facing Byzantium following the Fourth Crusade.
•Jolof Empire West Africa 1350–1549 AD
From [AI overview]: The Global Trade: The Jolof Empire (1350–1540s) flourished in modern-day inland Senegal, relying on river networks to export gold, ivory, and captive laborers. The European Battle: In the mid-15th century, Jolof engaged in a mix of alliances and conflicts with Portuguese navigators who sought a monopoly on West African trade. Jolof was eventually undermined when coastal vassal states bypassed the empire entirely to trade directly with the Portuguese and French, leading to the empire's fracture by 1556. From [AI overview]: In medieval West African empires (like Ghana, Mali, and later Benin), ivory was a symbol of immense power, wealth, and spiritual communication. It was carefully carved by specialized artisans into masks, statuettes or sculpted figures, and ceremonial horns, and served as a high-value commodity in the trans-Saharan trade connecting the interior to North Africa and the Mediterranean. African and Asian elephant tusks were the most prized ivory. Because the tusk is actually an elongated tooth—with the root extending deep into the skull—it could not be safely pulled or cut from a living animal. Elephants had to be hunted and killed for their tusks. From [https://www.worldhistory.org]: One of the most valuable commodities was ivory, in great demand in India for jewellery and in Europe in the 18th century for everything from decorative boxes to piano keys to billiard balls. The consequences of this lucrative trade included cultural upheaval, the construction of transport systems, wars, colonisation, and the death of tens of thousands of elephants each year. Sources of Ivory: Ivory was traded between Africa and Europe in ancient times; the Romans, for example, imported ivory from North Africa and Central Africa via the camel caravans of the ancient Sahara. In the Middle Ages, Arab traders founded trade centres to specifically profit from ivory, such as on the island of Zanzibar and along the Swahili Coast of East Africa, although they did not establish any sort of political control beyond the coast. Portuguese traders sought out ivory through the 15th and 16th centuries, establishing trade centres on the west coast of Africa ranging from Upper Guinea to Portuguese Angola. Portuguese traders also acquired ivory on the Swahili Coast in Portuguese Mozambique. The Portuguese often had Africans carve ivory into finished products suitable for the European market, such as salt cellars, walking canes, and cutlery handles. For artworks in ivory, the sculptors of Benin were considered the finest. From [AI overview]: The Kingdom of Benin, pre-colonial West African state, (or Edo Empire, roughly 1440–1897) was ruled by a divine king known as the Oba. Ivory was legally a royal monopoly; elephants were heavily protected, and the largest tusks from every hunt had to be surrendered to the Obato to create ceremonial regalia or attire, massive ancestral altar tusks by skilled craftsmen.
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How my MP3 content is made, referred to my collective utilization of App and Computer Software Listed Below:
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In-Text Voice
MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker
MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion
Photo Maker For Album Art Cover
Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com
Content composition of Facebook Page “In-Brief Archives”, and of Blogger Page [www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com] in sound and music does not represent the picture, video and text contents. Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.
[inspiring-epic-247014]
FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM
1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/
FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER
TIKTOK FILE DOWNLOADER
Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
5:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=15
6:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=16
7:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=17
8:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=19
9:https://www.deviantart.com/realhist/art/Songhai-Empire-889010133
11:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeHknJ6jCDL/
12:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BXxdgJAeb/
14:https://share.google/5J3ysRroDJWF4n4TH
15:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Dt9CjBmNF/
16:https://www.instagram.com/p/Daz6bcmjbG5/
17:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19n22NHeG6/
18:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeGrXYNDO8K/
19:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeGrXYNDO8K/?img_index=3
20:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeGrXYNDO8K/?img_index=4
21:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeGrXYNDO8K/?img_index=5
22:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1M9H48xTME/
24:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdNBV2VjazF/
25:https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_settimo_flagello_%28Pan_Wo%C5%82odyjowski%29_1969.png
26:https://pxhere.com/en/photo/629343
27:https://www.facebook.com/share/1CM13CeaKi/
28:https://www.facebook.com/share/1Qmued9wFM/
29:https://www.facebook.com/share/1d2ozCFknu/
30:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYf9kvNF51Q/
31:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdfTSYoCQoT/
32:https://www.facebook.com/share/19VcWrwB1U/
34:https://vnras.com/cay-co-la-nhung-cay-thuoc-va-vi-thuoc-viet-nam-do-tat-loi/
35:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EoP77wJhK/
36:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1RCDC7QqB9/
37:https://www.instagram.com/p/DW0IfMyk_5q/?img_index=8
38:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAWwSXEpY7/?img_index=8
39:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYcGKMFDwxi/
40:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JV8dKPZqR/
41:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FmvwYFsTF/
42:https://www.tiktok.com/@alexandru.history/photo/7663386591158635798?image_index=7
43:https://www.tiktok.com/@alexandru.history/photo/7663386591158635798?image_index=4
44:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CJYBgPANz/
45:https://www.instagram.com/p/DY4NMO_CFc3/?img_index=17
46:https://www.instagram.com/p/DY4NMO_CFc3/?img_index=8
47:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX9aU7RCp48/?img_index=2
48:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX9aU7RCp48/?img_index=4
49:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX9aU7RCp48/?img_index=3
50:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc73l2HFaEa/
51:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Jolof_Empire.png
52:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1AwfV7jRhc/
53:https://www.amazon.co.uk/WOLOF-EMPIRE-Civilization-Senegambia-Tradition-ebook/dp/B0HB8W4J1R
54:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wolof,_gambian_wolof.svg
55:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1AMch4ivXJ/
56:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Moz52W8qZ/
57:https://share.google/eiWNI8ZsHcKeZisbE
58:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Dcv1Qn8mX/
59:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdnmlBQscul/
60:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYDsCJCiHuo/
61:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1KEv2zt7sy/
62:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DoXMHZV6P/
63:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1E3cy15PsP/
64:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdJ25e7AVpB/?img_index=5
65:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaasjnDDQka/
67:https://www.instagram.com/p/CJJMwv2lpkx/?img_index=3
68:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18Lpmaq5Jz/
69:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1KF9JEsWDX/
70:https://journals.openedition.org/aaa/2753
71:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeQSUIxCj0W/
72:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_ivory_mask
73:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdG8nIniPWh/
74:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19daHX3fCQ/
75:https://www.instagram.com/p/DfCHV-mll9v/?img_index=2
Partial Screen Recorded Video From:
76:https://youtu.be/WhvsHnnin38?si=7s02SCTGXADmt6SI
77:https://youtu.be/vwvvtG7wtsw?si=WdbIEHNReCA_46ID
78:https://youtu.be/Ff87j_ccnkY?si=X5am-m4j3qshAETB
79:https://youtu.be/0iyWPp4FIFU?si=-XDH8iztOch_23QC
80:https://youtu.be/rv1XGD9Htpg?si=3hXh3pKsn59WN_Jp
81:https://youtu.be/rFGeKjjeiXk?si=X8EzxRdwhGYVlSba
82:https://youtu.be/hSjXjdJhMhk?si=IvyclBlGF33329dA
83:https://youtu.be/9hKVzfyL_pk?si=rXXEblwum2GrSC8S
84:https://youtu.be/7IPUgbNnP40?si=SWXpo30bJBvusbfS
85:https://youtu.be/7pdP_-V2mmc?si=MlQ9ZZa38mwGfass
86:https://youtu.be/Uft5ifkzPL4?si=_K0fM-_GWOEz5L0A
87:https://youtu.be/gc6GVQE7w1A?si=hMSc0BrrhizdUBJC
88:https://youtu.be/z4eMHzt1aAU?si=sCbbGaqnM3jPg355
Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and
other websites:
89:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/58843476-rotating-kola-nuts-seamless-loopable-4k
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.
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