Part 8 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 8

Article: Human Discovery My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Click on PDF to download from Part 3

Part 8 is the continued introduction to the timelines. We briefly question, observe and review our world before we delve into the timelines.

A nor'easter is a strong winter storm combining heavy snowfall, strong winds, and very cold temperatures. It blows from the northeast along the East Coast of the U.S. and Canada. A strong nor’easter is called a blizzard. The Great Blizzard of 1888 was perhaps the worst in U.S. recorded history. Winds of up to 72 kph (45 mph) whipped the East Coast from Chesapeake Bay to as far north as Nova Scotia, Canada. More than 147 centimeters (58 inches) of snow fell across the region, causing freezing temperatures and massive flooding as the snow melted. The Great Blizzard of 1888 shut down roads and rails along the East Coast of the United States. Many people were confined to their homes for a week. The devastation and inconvenience led urban leaders to invest in the creation of the first subway system in the U.S., which opened in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1897. The air over land is heated and cooled more quickly than the air over the ocean. During summer, this means warm land-air rises, creating a space for the cool and moist air from the ocean. As the land heats the moist air, it rises, cools, condenses, and falls back to Earth as rain. Engineers must consider an area’s average wind shear when constructing buildings. Wind shear is higher near the coast, for example. Skyscrapers must account for this increased wind by having a stronger foundation or being engineered to safely “sway” with the wind. The amount of force that wind is generating is measured according to the Beaufort scale. The scale is named for Sir Francis Beaufort, who established a system for describing wind force in 1805 for the British Royal Navy. The Beaufort scale has 17 levels of wind force. “0” describes conditions that are so calm that smoke rises vertically. “12” describes a hurricane, and “13 to 17” are reserved only for tropical typhoons, the most powerful and potentially destructive wind systems. On the other side of the mountain, dry “downslope winds” can speed through mountain passes at nearly 160 kph (100 mph). One of the most familiar of these downslope winds is the Föhn. Föhn winds, nicknamed “snow-eaters”, develop as air descends over the Alps, creating a warmer climate in central Europe. Winds transport volcanic ash and debris for thousands of kilometers. Winds carried ash from the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, a volcano in Iceland, as far west as Greenland and as far east as Great Britain. Winds carried volcanic ash and debris high in the atmosphere across the globe. Europe endured years of cold, damp summers and pink sunsets. The wind can also pick up massive amounts of sand and “sandblast” rock formations into stunning sculptures. The Altiplano region of South America has dramatically shaped ventifacts, rocks carved by the wind driven sand and ice. However devastating to the economy, wind is an important way plants disperse seeds. This form of seed dispersal is called anemochory. Plants that rely on anemochory produce hundreds and even thousands of seeds. Often, wind turbines are collected in windy areas in arrays known as wind farms. Many wind farms have been established on mountains, in valleys, and offshore, as the air from the ocean interacts with land-air. Industry experts predict that if this pace of growth continues, by 2050, one third of the world’s electricity needs could be met by wind. Extraterrestrial Winds: The same forces that cause winds on Earth, uneven heating by the sun and the planet's rotation, cause other planets to develop strong winds. Jupiter's famous Great Red Spot is actually a centuries-old hurricane-like storm, swirling at around 644 kph (400 mph). The strongest winds in the solar system, however, belong to its outermost planet, Neptune. Neptunian winds whip at speeds up to 2,100 kph (1,300 mph). Extrasolar planets (those outside our solar system) have even faster winds. The extrasolar planets of 51 Pegasi have winds that blow at 14,400 kph (9,000 mph)! For scientific purposes in weather forecast, and in-depth analysis of above mentioned information about planet earth, discover your knowledge at:

[www.newspaceeconomy.ca]; [www.noaa.gov];

[www.education.nationalgeographic.org];

[www.sciencefocus.com];

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Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.].]

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/20180041842_goes16-abi-conus-geocolor-2500x1500-1.jpg

2:https://atlas.niu.edu/klot/pastevents/2009/Dec26/high_plains.jpg

3:https://www.boredpanda.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/1218979672911990789-png__700.jpg

4:https://ds.static.rtbf.be/article/image/770x433/0/9/d/ecb98177592fe2c3c5d97b09f67c30f1-1579506282.png

5:https://www.boredpanda.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/march11-great-blizzard-1888-united-states-38__880.jpg

6:https://www.boredpanda.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/march11-great-blizzard-1888-united-states-125__880.jpg

7:https://www.boredpanda.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/march11-great-blizzard-1888-united-states-40__880.jpg

8:https://www.boredpanda.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/march11-great-blizzard-1888-united-states-561__880.jpg