Part 58 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo Size 4096 × 4096 8.25 MB Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN R 1279–1368 AD Yuan Dynasty & Mongol 元朝 16 Emperors Duration: 89 Years • Delhi Sultanate India 1206–1527 AD • Chagatai Khanate Transoxania Central Asia 1225–1687 AD • Tlemcen Kingdom Algeria Africa 1235–1556 AD • Mali Empire West Africa 1235–1610 AD From [ https://www.albert.io ]: Geography, the Camel, and the Foundation of Trade : The Sahara Desert spans approximately 9 million square kilometers — larger than Australia — of sand, rock, and hardship. Crossing it on foot is nearly impossible; crossing it with wheeled vehicles is suicide. The domestication of the dromedary camel (single-humped, adapted to extreme arid heat) transformed the Sahara from an impassable barrier into a navigable corridor. From [Wikipedia]: The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of th...
Part 15
Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.
Click on PDF to download from Part 3
2023: Notable innovations: a large language model (ProGen) that could generate functional protein sequences with a predictable function, with the input including tags specifying protein properties. For example, sickle cell anemia is due to a single sequence change in which a single amino acid (the glutamic acid that is usually in the sixth position of the protein chain) is replaced by a valine, a branched-chain essential amino acid, in the Beta-globin subunit of the hemoglobin protein. Glutamic acid is an amino acid used to form proteins. Amyloid fibrils are formed by normally soluble proteins, which assemble to form insoluble fibers that are resistant to degradation. Their formation can accompany disease and each disease is characterized by a specific protein or peptide that aggregates. Lastly, crafting a grammatically correct but meaningless sentence bears some resemblance to protein structures that lack any discernible function or may even cause disease, as in the case of amyloid fibrils. Proteins and natural languages also present differences that need to be taken into account in their processing. In human languages, the alphabet contains many symbols (like uniform punctuation and stop words) (Ofer et al., 2021). In contrast, the alphabet of protein language adopted a simpler alphabet of 20 characters. Nevertheless the letters of proteins can be modified to alter their function, e.g., through methylation of lysine residues, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and other post-translational modifications, thus adding complexity to the protein language. Methylation of lysine residues has emerged as one of the major posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in histone proteins. A histone is a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome. Phosphorylation is an extremely common posttranslational modification of proteins and it regulates the activity of one or more proteins along most signaling pathways. Ubiquitination is a versatile post-translational modification (PTM), which regulates diverse fundamental features of protein substrates, including stability, activity, and localization. The language of proteins could be described by the use of stochastic or randomness context-free grammars (Dyrka and Nebel, 2009) for covering any higher-order dependencies such as nested and crossing relationships that are common in proteins. Human languages define words clearly in written texts, but protein “word boundaries” are less evident because we do not always know a priori if a certain sequence is related to a function (e.g., it is part of a domain or motif); a priori means “what comes first.” One possibility was to use the secondary structure for splitting the sentences into words or to exploit sub-word segmentation that did not require any predefined knowledge of words in the protein language. However, the tokenization process would require exploiting the tertiary structure with more intensive calculations. Protein tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a protein. The overall understanding of the protein language was limited, requiring extensive experimental tests to identify its functionalities.
Resources APP Composition
[Appstore Playstore]
Video Maker
PowerDirector
Picture Maker
Social Media Post Maker stylish app world Art & Design
In-text voice
[aiReader: AI Text to Speech]
[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]
MP3 volume-increase conversion
[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer]
[Super Sound Editor: Music Audio Editor, MP3 Cutter]
Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay
[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]
[usic-documentary-emotional-background-intro-theme-261143]
[motivation-synth-pop_45sec-177572]
[funk-upbeat-157134]
[self-background-music-for-video-vlog-jazz-version-232613]
[-music-orchestral-hip-hop-for-vlog-video-1-minute-177773]
[-music-for-short-video-vlog-advertising-39-second-189906]
Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
2:https://oncohemakey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A367518_1_En_2_Fig2_HTML.gif
4:https://content.labxchange.org/learning-item-assets/LS1A_ch_5/ch+5+fig+5.png
6:https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/sickle-cell-anemia
9:https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/c0300653/800wm/C0300653-Glutamic_acid_amino_acid_molecule.jpg
:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/protein-structure-373563_final11-5c81967f46e0fb00012c667d.png){kind=link}
11:https://raider.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/33/2023/08/image16-3.jpg
14:https://ib.bioninja.com.au/img/sickle1.webp
15:https://ib.bioninja.com.au/img/sickle2.webp
18:https://replicate.delivery/pbxt/q54Xr3gg1iYtCNAInZkUcO9Id4XLwW2Ya6VUrH5pIlXx1EGE/out..png
20:https://englishstudypage.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/punctuation-in-english.png
21:https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/Stop-word-removal-using-NLTK.png
22:https://www.mediavine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/stop-words-infographic-2.jpg
25:https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/1034112/frym-11-1034112-HTML-r6/image_m/figure-4.jpg
27:https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Post-Translational-Modification.jpg
28:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S014181302303670X-gr1.jpg
31:https://digfir-published.macmillanusa.com/lodish8e/asset/img_ch8/lodish8e_fig08_26.html
32:https://metabolichealing.com/wp-content/uploads/course-mthfr-1200.jpg
33:https://metabolichealing.com/product/4021/
36:https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/chromatin-composition.jpg
37:https://sciencenotes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Phosphorylation.png
38:https://blog.gbiosciences.com/hubfs/Phosphorylation-1.jpg
41:https://bpsbioscience.com/media/wysiwyg/Landing_Pages/Ubiquitination.jpg
42:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1084952121003050-gr1.jpg
46:https://www.chemborun.com/upfiles/pic1676960000.jpg
47:https://www.chemborun.com/upfiles/pic1676959808.jpg
49:https://www.inverse.com/article/39152-out-of-africa-ancient-human-migration
53:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language#/media/File%3ASumerian_26th_c_Adab.jpg
54:https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4158.jpg.webp?v=1706459584
58:https://phys.org/news/2022-04-deep-decode-functional-properties-proteins.amp
59:https://www.creative-proteomics.com/pronalyse/upload/image/what-are-protein-structure-2.jpg
Video Sources: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
61:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/61495818-hemoglobin-protein-rotating-cartoon-model
62:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/76493178-anemia-animated-word-cloud-text-design-animation
64:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/113243871-hemoglobin-within-blood
65:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/113219232-sickle-cell-blood-flow-animation
67:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/64823497-hemoglobin-surface-model
76:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/229426114-dna-double-helical-structure-composed-nucleotides
77:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/229426181-dna-double-helical-structure-composed-nucleotides
78:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/98407232-dna-molecule-structure-3d-render
79:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/848392-dna-complex-proteins-nucleosome
83:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/65990440-ubiquitin-protein-rotating-space-filling-model
84:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/59834122-ubiquitin-protein-rotating-model
85:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/24603849-ubiquitin-protein-rotating-cartoon-model
86:https://www.salesforce.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/07/lysozyme_demo_lowres.gif
87:https://www.salesforce.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/07/crystal_rotate.gif
88:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/59834130-ubiquitin-protein-rotating-cartoon-model
89:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/65990461-ubiquitin-protein-rotating-molecule
90:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/58349149-p53-protein-bound-dna-molecule
91:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/49122117-p53-protein-bound-dna-molecule
92:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/281643324-protein-folding-caused-polypeptide-chains
93:https://www.pond5.com/es/stock-footage/item/63794222-old-egyptian-hieroglyphics-loop-3d-animation
94:https://www.pond5.com/es/stock-footage/item/63787157-old-mayan-hieroglyphics-loop-3d-animation
95:https://media.drugdesign.org/course/protein-structure/tertiary.gif
96:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/75604973-haemoglobin-molecule-animation
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 3 for all consolidated references for all parts.
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