Part 20 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 20

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

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2023: [10.23] The first successful transplant of a functional cryopreserved mammalian kidney was reported. The study demonstrated a "nano-warming" technique for vitrification for up-to-100 days preservation of transplant organs. Sourced from [www.researchgate.net] titled: “Supercooling: a promising technique for prolonged preservation in solid organ transplantation, and early perspectives in vascularized composite allografts” Ex vivo refers to a medical procedure in which an organ, cells, or tissue are taken from a living body for a treatment or procedure, and then returned to the living body. Ex vivo preservation of transplanted organs was undergoing spectacular advances. The meaning of thoracic is of, relating to, located within, or involving the thorax. Thorax is the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax contains vital organs, including the heart, major blood vessels, and lungs. It is supported by the ribs, breastbone, and spine. A thin muscle called the diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdomen. Machine perfusion was now used in common practice for abdominal and thoracic organ transportation and preservation, and early results were in favor of substantially improved outcomes. It was based on decreasing ischemia-reperfusion phenomena by providing physiological or sub-physiological conditions until transplantation. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury paradoxically occurs during reperfusion following ischemia, exacerbating the initial tissue damage. Ischemia is the lack of blood supply to a part of the body. Ischemia may cause tissue damage due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients. Reperfusion is the restoration of blood flow to a previously ischemic tissue or organ. Alternatively, supercooling techniques involving static preservation at negative temperatures while avoiding ice formation had shown encouraging results in solid organs. Here, the rationale was to decrease the organ's metabolism and need for oxygen and nutrients, allowing for extended preservation durations. The aim of this work was to review all advances of supercooling in transplantation, browsing the literature for each organ. A specific objective was also to study the initial evidence, the prospects, and potential applications of supercooling preservation in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA). Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is the transplantation of multiple tissues such as skin, muscle, bone, nerve, and vessels, as a functional unit (i.e., hand or face) to patients suffering from major tissue trauma and functional deficits. Though the surgical feasibility had been optimized, issues regarding graft rejection remained. VCA rejection involves a diverse population of cells but is primarily driven by both donor and recipient lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, and other immune as well as donor-derived cells. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that are a part of your immune system. Lymphocytes help your body fight disease and infection. In addition, it is commonly understood that different tissues within VCA, such as the skin, elicits a stronger rejection response. Currently, VCA recipients are required to follow potent and lifelong immuno-suppressing regimens to maximize graft survival. This complex entity needed a substantial effort to improve long-term outcomes, marked by chronic rejection. Improving preservation techniques was critical to ensure the favorable evolution of VCAs, and supercooling techniques could greatly participate in these advances. Sourced from [https://twin-cities.umn.edu] titled: “Researchers perform first successful transplant of functional cryopreserved rat kidney” Cryopreservation is the process of cooling and storing cells, tissues, or organs at very low or freezing temperatures to save them for future use. Cryopreservation is also called cryobanking. U of M mechanical engineering postdoctoral researcher Zonghu Han was a co-first author of a new study showing how rat kidneys could be cryogenically stored for up to 100 days, successfully rewarmed using the group's innovative nano-warming approach, cleared of cryoprotective fluids and nanoparticles and then successfully transplanted into rats to restore full kidney function. Credit: Rebecca Slater. In a groundbreaking new study, engineers and medical researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities had proven the life-saving potential of long-term organ preservation at ultra-low temperatures by successfully transplanting a rewarmed kidney in a rat and restoring full kidney function. The research, published in Nature Communications, had the potential to save thousands of human lives by enabling long-term storage of organs for transplantation. This was the first time anyone had published a robust protocol for long-term storage, rewarming, and successful transplantation of a functional preserved organ in an animal, said the study’s co-senior author John Bischof, a mechanical engineering professor and director of the University of Minnesota Institute for Engineering in Medicine. All of our research over more than a decade and that of our colleagues in the field had shown that this process shall work, then that it could work, but now we had shown that it actually did work.

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1:https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-023-38824-8/MediaObjects/41467_2023_38824_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp

2:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371448058/figure/fig6/AS:11431281177801814@1690598973670/Gross-and-histologic-appearance-of-nanowarmed-and-control-kidney.png

3:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371448058/figure/fig4/AS:11431281177811835@1690598969486/Normothermic-machine-perfusion-of-rat-kidneys-using-acellular-blood-substitute-a.png

4:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371448058/figure/fig7/AS:11431281177811839@1690598975036/Transplant-outcomes-of-nanowarmed-and-fresh-control-kidney-transplants-a-Depiction.png

5:https://www.freethink.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/cryogenically-frozen-organs-thumb.jpg?resize=711,400