Part 49 Timeline_the untold

Part 49 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 49
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN Q

960 AD to 1279 AD

Song Dynasty China

18 Emperors

Duration: 319 Years

From [AI overview]: During the medieval period (approx. 500–1500 CE), Christianity was not a single unified entity but was classified into distinct, often competing, branches, with the Western Latin Church dominating Europe while the Eastern Orthodox Church controlled Eastern Europe and the Byzantine Empire. The central division occurred in 1054 CE with the Great Schism, which formally separated Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern (Greek Orthodox) traditions. Major Institutional Branches: Roman Catholic Church (Western or Latin Church): Centered in Rome under the Pope, this was the dominant religious institution in Western Europe. It was highly hierarchical, consisting of the Pope, cardinals, bishops, and local priests. Eastern Orthodox Church (Byzantine Church): Based in Constantinople, this branch was headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople and was popular in Eastern Europe and Russia. Oriental Orthodox Churches: A family of churches including the Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, and Ethiopian churches, which split from the main body following the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. Church of the East (Nestorian Church): A distinct branch that existed outside the Roman Empire, stretching into Persia, India, and China, maintaining a separate theology regarding the nature of Christ. From [AI overview]: Ecumenical refers to initiatives, movements, or attitudes aimed at promoting unity, cooperation, and better understanding among different Christian denominations and traditions. Derived from the Greek word oikoumene ("the whole inhabited world"), it signifies a desire to foster harmony across church divisions—such as Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant—by emphasizing shared beliefs rather than sectarian differences or divisions within a faith.

•Mali Empire West Africa

1235 AD to 1610 AD

From [AI overview]: The Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and Tlemcen Kingdom were deeply intertwined through trans-Saharan gold-salt trade. Ghana, then Mali, controlled southern trade routes, while Tlemcen in North Africa acted as a primary Mediterranean terminus or key logistical hub, connecting West Africa to Europe. The Ethiopian Empire remained a distinct, largely Christian entity, occasionally interacting through trade. From [AI overview]: Ghana Empire known as the "Land of Gold," it dominated trade between the Sahara and the Niger River. It weakened due to Almoravid pressure and internal disputes. The Almoravids were a powerful 11th-12th century Berber Muslim dynasty from the Sahara that exerted significant military, religious, and political pressure across North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus). Driven by a strict interpretation of Malikite Sunni Islam, Berber Muslim dynasty aimed to purify Islamic practice and expand their territory. Succeeded Ghana, with Sundiata Keita uniting the Malinke people, Mali empire expanded trade, becoming a center for Islamic learning in cities like Timbuktu. The Mali empire was a successor state to Ghana, taking over its trade dominance. From [Wikipedia]: Sundiata Keita was also the great-uncle of the Malian ruler Mansa Musa, who is regarded as the wealthiest person of all time, although there are no reliable ways to accurately calculate his wealth. Musa was exceptionally wealthy, to an extent that contemporaries described him as inconceivably rich; Time magazine reported: "There's really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth." It is known from local manuscripts and travellers' accounts that Mansa Musa's wealth came principally from the Mali Empire's control and taxing of the trade in salt from northern regions and especially from gold panned and mined in Bambuk and Bure to the south. Over a very long period Mali had amassed a large reserve of gold. Mali is also believed to have been involved in the trade in many goods such as ivory, spices, silks, and ceramics. However, presently little is known about the extent or mechanics of these trades. At the time of Musa's ascension to the throne, Mali consisted largely of the territory of the former Ghana Empire, which had become a vassal or feudal ruler of Mali. The Mali Empire comprised land that is now part of Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and the modern state of Mali. Sourced from [https://magazine.northwestern.edu]: One of the greatest caravans to ever cross the Sahara was led by Mansa Musa, the legendary ruler of the vast West African empire of Mali. In 1324 Musa embarked on a hajj, a religious pilgrimage to Mecca, traveling with an entourage or the accompanied personnels that included 8,000 courtiers, 12,000 servants and 100 camel loads of pure gold. From [Wikipedia]: Monarchs very often expected the more important nobles to spend much of the year in attendance on them at court. Not all courtiers were noble, as they included clergy, soldiers, clerks, secretaries, agents and middlemen with business at court. Continued from [https://magazine.northwestern.edu]: “Each night when they stopped, it was like a whole town decamping in the desert,” said Gus Casely-Hayford, director of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of African Art, who spoke at the Caravans of Gold opening in January. “They took with them everything they needed in the desert, including a mobile mosque they would construct so the emperor could pray.” Fourteenth century Arab historian Shihab al-‘Umari wrote that Mansa Musa “flooded Cairo with his benefactions. He left no court emir nor holder of a royal office without the gift of a load of gold. … They spent gold until they depressed its value in Egypt and caused its price to fall.” Musa is believed to have been the richest person in history, even by today’s standards. His expansive kingdom included all or parts of modern-day Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Chad. But “Musa didn’t just want wealth and power,” said Casely-Hayford. “He sought something more. He sought knowledge.” When the emperor returned from Mecca to Timbuktu, he brought back scholars and an Andalusian architect from Cairo to build a great mosque — Djinguereber — an architectural masterpiece and one of most iconic buildings in Africa. As the seat of Musa’s empire, Timbuktu drew scholars from all over the Islamic world to study in its libraries and universities. At its peak, the city could accommodate 25,000 students, and its archives held more than 800,000 manuscripts, according to Casely-Hayford.

The last 6 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part 50

SOURCE COMPOSITION

Computer Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text Voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech Tor.App]

[PDF Speaker Text To Speech TTS

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Dekiru AI]

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King Clover Studio]

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MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

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MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

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stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the picture, video and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[arabic-trap-131647]

[an-epic-cinematic-244064]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

2:https://timebite.org/10-song-dynasty-inventions-that-changed-the-world/

3:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg

4:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYU1Wr7FKCK/

5:https://medium.com/@ceo_77135/the-causes-of-the-byzantine-and-western-churches-separation-8ac2c96d5e9e

6:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWqEt5AEjQZ/?img_index=1

7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18fDTyffhH/

8:https://www.instagram.com/p/DVvzi-zlMe1/