Part 27 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 27

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

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2023: [10.23] The first successful transplant of a functional cryopreserved mammalian kidney was reported. The study demonstrated a "nano-warming" technique for vitrification for up-to-100 days preservation of transplant organs. Sourced from [frontiersin.org] titled: “Supercooling: a promising technique for prolonged preservation in solid organ transplantation, and early perspectives in vascularized composite allografts.” Several teams had been working on fast and uniform rewarming of vitrified organs using nanoparticles, with promising results in kidneys. In contrast to partial freezing, supercooling aimed to achieve preservation at below 0°C temperatures while avoiding ice nucleation. The prevention of ice formation had to be done both in the extracellular and intracellular spaces. Extracellular space refers to the part of a multicellular organism outside the cells, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. This is distinguished from intracellular space, which is inside the cells. For this purpose, various cryoprotective agents (CPAs) were used. This was the most critical difference with partial freezing protocols that aimed to provoke controlled ice nucleation. CPAs had inherent properties that allowed them to remain in a liquid state at sub-zero temperatures, in addition to increasing the osmolarity of the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments, decreasing their freezing point. Fluid moves throughout cellular environments in the body by passively crossing semipermeable membranes. Osmolarity is defined as the number of particles per liter of fluid. Physiologic blood plasma osmolarity is approximately 286 mOsmoles/L. Less than this is hypoosmotic, and greater is hyperosmotic. The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes. Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds all cells in the body. Extracellular fluid has two primary constituents: the fluid component of the blood (called plasma) and the interstitial fluid that surrounds all cells not in the blood. The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment makes up about 60 percent of the total water in the human body, and in an average-size adult male, the ICF accounts for about 25 liters (seven gallons) of fluid. This fluid volume tends to be very stable, because the amount of water in living cells is closely regulated. Some authors had described 3-O-Methyl-Glucose as a non-metabolizable glucose that could prevent intracellular freezing. Glucose analogues have been synthesized that have a higher affinity for the active site than glucose. Affinity is a measure of the attraction of one biological molecule toward another molecule, either to modify it, destroy it, or form a compound with it. 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (OMG) is a glucose analog that is readily transported into most cells, but does not become phosphorylated and therefore will equilibrate or keep state of balance across the cell membrane. Phosphorylation is a process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule, such as a sugar or a protein. Several teams had used it in their supercooling protocol since then. The glucose derivative 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (OMG) is used as a cryoprotectant in freezing cells. However, its protective role and the related mechanism in static cold storage (CS) of organs are unknown. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) had also been widely used for various applications in cryobiology but seemed to provoke cell toxicity. The meaning of “cryobiology” is the study of the effects of extremely low temperature on living organisms and cells. As for extracellular cryoprotective agents (CPAs), needed to prevent the intravascular compartment and the surrounding media from freezing, most of the preservation protocols in solid organs had been using polyols and polyethers such as glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an extracellular cryoprotectant inhibiting ice crystal growth and increasing tonicity of vitrification solutions, which helps to prevent chilling injury. The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis is known as its tonicity. In physiology, osmosis is the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. A permeable membrane allows all substances to flow freely across the membrane. A semi-permeable membrane allows some substances to cross the membrane, but not others. An impermeable membrane blocks the movement of all substances. Glycerol is a molecule that protects cells from freezing injury mainly by reducing intracellular ice crystal formation and osmotic pressure differences. Glycerol molecule has been studied as a CPA for composite tissues such as testicular tissue, ovarian tissue, bones and cartilage; testicular tissue is part of a man's reproductive system. Glycerol is a penetrating cryoprotective agent, which crosses the cell membrane into the cytoplasm, providing an osmotic force that prevents water from migrating outward as extracellular ice is formed.

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://pbs.twimg.com/media/F0V4S36WcAEXoFQ?format=jpg&name=4096x4096

2:https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-63041-8/MediaObjects/41598_2024_63041_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp

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4:https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/1269706/frtra-02-1269706-HTML/image_m/frtra-02-1269706-g003.jpg

5:https://ornishop.lt/image/cache/catalog/Knygos/7_Handbook-of-the-Mammals-of-the-World_2-700x700.jpg

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8:https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/science.adj3555/files/_20230621_nf_cryopreservation_3_surgery_1280px.jpg