Part 33 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 33

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

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2023: Researchers reported a production method for spider silk fibers from gene-edited transgenic silkworms for a sustainable alternative material six times stronger than Kevlar. CRISPR helped researchers in China synthesize ultra-tough fiber that could be used in surgical sutures, bulletproof clothing and aerospace technology such as the body of the aircraft. A surgical suture is one of the most common medical devices used by doctors during surgeries. The suture helps in holding body tissues together after a surgery or an injury. The application of a suture essentially involves the use of a needle along with an attached thread. Kevlar is woven into textile materials and is extremely strong and lightweight, with resistance toward corrosion and heat. Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to bulletproof vests, all due to its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measure it is five times stronger than steel in tensile strength; Tensile strength is the maximum load that a material can support without fracture when being stretched, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material. Tensile strengths have dimensions of force per unit area. It measures the strength of the materials. Chinese scientists had synthesized the first full-length spider silk fibers from genetically modified silkworms, and they said the result was tougher than “most natural and synthetic fibers” including Kevlar. The spider silk’s toughness surpassed that of Kevlar by sixfold, but it also had a higher tensile strength or the ability to withstand tension while stretching than nylon, according to the paper. Clothing (also known as clothes, garments, dress, apparel, or attire) is any item worn on the body. Typically, clothing is made of fabrics or textiles, but over time it has included garments made from animal skin and other thin sheets of materials and natural products found in the environment, put together. The wearing of clothing is mostly restricted to human beings and is a feature of all human societies. Nylon polymers have significant commercial applications in fabric and fibers (apparel, flooring and rubber reinforcement), in shapes (molded parts for cars, electrical equipment, etc.), and in films (mostly for food packaging). Nylon is the most useful synthetic material with applications varying from daily life activities to industries. The team used the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 to genetically modify silkworm eggs by inserting genes for spider silk proteins. The modification caused the resulting silkworms’ eyes to glow under a fluorescence microscope. Researchers said it was also a challenge to obtain successfully modified silkworms, and it could take 100 eggs to obtain just a few transgenic silkworms. The silkworms also required constant care because they “eat many times a day”, Mi added. Junpeng Mi, a PhD candidate at the College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering at Donghua University and the first author of the study. Silk from spiders was stronger and less brittle compared to that naturally produced by silkworms. But producing spider silk on a large scale was difficult as spiders are cannibalistic and cannot be kept together in large numbers. Farming silk from spiders themselves was difficult, however, because they tended to eat each other and only produce a small amount of silk fiber to make their webs. A 4-square-meter spider silk shawl that was displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, for example, had to be created from the silk of over 1 million golden orb-weaver spiders. Spiders also typically only produce enough silk to make their webs. But scientists hadn’t given up on spider silk entirely. Instead, they had focused their energy on making artificial spider silk and genetically modifying other organisms to be able to produce the stretchy stuff.

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://s.alicdn.com/@sc04/kf/H4d5dff320c7e4280a25127066105f6f8N.jpg

2:https://advancedmaterials2018.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/types-of-aircraft-composite-materials-used.png

3:https://www.mdpi.com/jcs/jcs-05-00217/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-05-00217-g001.png

4:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2590238523004216-fx1_lrg.jpg

5:https://scitechdaily.com/images/Forced-Reel-Silk-768x1024.jpg

6:https://scx2.b-cdn.net/gfx/news/hires/2023/spider-silk-is-spun-by.jpg