Part 34 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 34

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

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2023: Researchers reported a production method for spider silk fibers from gene-edited transgenic silkworms for a sustainable alternative material six times stronger than Kevlar. Now, researchers had successfully gene-edited silkworms to produce spider silk that’s six times stronger than Kevlar, the material used in bulletproof vests. This heavy-duty fiber could one day be used for surgical sutures, wound dressings, armored vests and structural materials for vehicles. It could also one day serve as a greener alternative to synthetic materials, like polyester and nylon, which shed harmful microplastics and were derived from fossil fuels. Researchers recently described their process and findings in the journal Matter. To advance ecological civilization, developing sustainable, eco-friendly high-strength and ultra-tough alternatives to non-sustainable synthetic fibers, such as nylon, is crucial. For instance, the invention and widespread use of commercial synthetic fibers such as nylon and Kevlar had significantly contributed to the development of contemporary civilization. However, these synthetic fibers, including nylon, had become a double-edged sword, as their increasing usage posed a threat to sustainable development due to the depletion of fossil energy resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop green, environmentally friendly, sustainable alternatives with ultra-high strength and toughness to promote ecological civilization without compromising productivity. This necessitated a deeply scientific understanding of the fundamental determinants of fiber strength and toughness, as well as overcoming engineering challenges for cost-effective, large-scale production of high-performance silk fibers. Polyamide fibers, also known as aramid polyamides, are the first synthetic fibers produced. They have a hardness and strength between glass and carbon, making them a true organic synthetic fiber. The field of biomimetics, drawing inspiration from nature, has led to the efficient development of advanced materials and tools. The study of nature and natural occurrences is known as biomimetics. Its goals are to comprehend the fundamentals of the systems, to derive ideas from nature, and to implement notions that could be of use to the fields of science, engineering, and medicine. Inspired by the mechanical properties of polyamide fibers, including nylon and Kevlar, we employed CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing to successfully synthesize whole polyamide spider silk fibers from transgenic silkworms. Natural polyamide fibers like silkworm silk and spider silk, particularly the latter, had long served as sources of inspiration for materials scientists. In fact, Jeffrey L. Yarger pointed out that nylon itself was inspired by silk fibers, both being polyamide fibers. Spider silk exhibited higher tensile strength than nylon and greater toughness than Kevlar. Within silkworm silk fibers, glycine (Gly) and alanine (Ala) amino acids account for over 75% of the protein composition. Where X may be any of various other amino acid residues, the repetitive sequence (Gly-Ala-Gly-X) form the Beta sheets crystalline regions of protein structures in silkworm silk fibers. In spider silk, Beta sheets crystalline regions are formed by GGX (X = A, Q, or Y), GX (X = Q, A, or R), and polyalanine protein sequences.

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://x.com/sciencekonek/status/1782392900304961715/photo/1

2:https://pmfias.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Formation-of-Petroleum-and-Mineral-Oil.jpg

3:https://files.americanexperiment.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/made-from-oil.jpg

4:https://x.com/anasalhajji/status/1205906781341454342/photo/1

5:https://www.earthreminder.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/types-of-fossil-fuels.jpg

6:https://chemicalengineeringworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fossil-Fuel-Introduction-and-Types-scaled-e1606813662188.jpg