Part 9 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click on PDF to download from Part 1 From [www.chinahighlights.com]: In the Three Kingdoms Period (220 AD to 280 AD), China was divided by three regimes: Wei (north of the Yangtze), Shu (in the southwest), and Wu (in the southeast). There were many heroes and talented rulers during this chaotic period, as the famous novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" depicts. Three Kingdoms Period Key Facts: Preceded by the Han Dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD); Founding Kings: Cao Pi of Wei, Liu Bei of Shu, Sun Quan of Wu; Characteristics: 60 years of separation, heroes, and battles; Followed by the Jin Dynasty (265 AD to 420 AD). The Han Empire ended with natural disasters and rebellions weakening the power of the court. In the year 208, Liu Bei got famous general Kong Ming’s or Zhuge Liang's help and united Sun Quan and Zhou Yu to defeat Cao Cao in the Battle of Red Cliff. He thereby won some territory. From 209 AD to 219 AD...
Part 37
Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.
Click on PDF to download from Part 3
2023: Researchers reported a production method for spider silk fibers from gene-edited transgenic silkworms for a sustainable alternative material six times stronger than Kevlar. Araneus ventricosus, the spider primarily resides in garden, fields, and forest ecosystems. Araneus ventricosus is a nocturnal orb-weaver spider. Nocturnal animals are active at night. Orb-weavers' anterior median eyes have three types of eye cells: blue, ultraviolet, and green. The spider also has unique eyes that are affected by their circadian rhythm and imply the existence of an efferent optic nerve within the species' central nervous system. The optic nerve is comprised of millions of nerve fibers that send visual messages to your brain to help you see. An efferent nerve carries impulses from the brain to the body. Circadian rhythms are 24-hour cycles that are part of the body’s internal clock, running in the background to carry out essential functions and processes. Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour internal clock in our brain that regulates cycles of alertness and sleepiness by responding to light changes in our environment. Our physiology and behavior are shaped by the Earth's rotation around its axis. Without this endogenous circadian clock, Homo sapiens would not be able to optimize energy expenditure and the internal physiology of the body. When considering the spider's global distribution, it is commonly found in East Asia. Specific countries in which it is primarily spotted include China, North and South Korea, and Japan. Araneus ventricosus is commonly brown, black, or gray. It is also identifiable by its characteristic web-building behavior, as the arachnid is known to build a web throughout the night before destroying it in the morning. The term arachnid refers to a class of animals that includes spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. The spider is also known to perform mating dances as a courtship ritual. A courtship is a period in a romantic couple's relationship when they are dating. To get silkworms to produce spider silk, Mi and colleagues used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to add genes from Araneus ventricosus, an East Asian orb-weaving spider, that code for stronger silk proteins into silkworms while they were still in their eggs. Genes for more than 100 amino acids were needed for this, requiring hundreds of thousands of microinjections to accomplish. After clearing this microinjection hurdle, which Mi said was “one of the most significant challenges” in the study, the researchers were keen to know whether their modifications had been successful. To verify this, they also added a gene that would make the silkworms’ eyes glow red under fluorescent light. To Mi’s delight, he saw little red eyes staring back at him when he looked at the hatched silkworms through a fluorescence microscope. The researchers also performed what they call “localization” modifications on the transgenic spider silk proteins, to ensure that they would interact correctly with the proteins in the silkworm glands to form spinnable fibers. To guide this process, they also constructed a “minimal basic structure model” of silkworm silk. The result was a cohort or studied samples of genetically modified silkworms capable of spinning whole full-length spider silk fiber. To verify the usefulness of the bionic spider silk produced by these silkworms, the researchers tested the tensile strength and toughness of the fiber. Bionic is the science of creating artificial systems or devices that can work as parts of living organisms. Tensile strength is normally measured in megapascals (Mpa) It indicates how much force per unit area is required to stretch or tear a material. Its extremely high tensile strength (1,299 Mpa) and toughness (319 MJ/m3) verified that the silkworm’s new silk was comparable to the properties of regular orb-weaving spider silk. Silkworms, on the other hand, have a similar spinning system to that of spiders.
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Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay
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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
1:https://spideridentifications.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Araneus-Ventricosus.webp
2:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Map-World-East-Asia.png
4:https://phys.org/news/2023-09-spider-silk-spun-silkworms-green.amp
5:https://phys.org/news/2023-09-spider-silk-spun-silkworms-green.amp
8:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneus_ventricosus#/media/File%3AAraneus_ventricosus_on_leaf.jpg
9:https://www.animalspot.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Nocturnal-Animals.jpg
10:https://spideridentifications.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Larinioides-Sclopetarius-1.webp
11:https://www.minigarage.net/album/upl/139.jpg
12:https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/241942201/original.jpeg
13:https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/154826274
15:https://flei.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/lateral-orbit-nerves.jpg
17:https://www.drprachigarodia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/tileshop.jpeg
19:https://spideridentifications.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Araneus-Ventricosus-Spider.webp
20:https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/239699258/large.jpeg
21:https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/229313071/large.jpeg
22:https://animalfact.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Arachnid-739x1024.jpg
26:https://www.permuted.org.uk/photography/wp-content/gallery/spiders-mating/spider_x2_1709085476.jpg
27:https://prod-shared-star-protocols.s3.amazonaws.com/protocols/1477-Fig6.jpg
28:https://prod-shared-star-protocols.s3.amazonaws.com/protocols/1477-GA.jpg
35:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1748013216300342-gr1_lrg.jpg
37:https://scx2.b-cdn.net/gfx/news/hires/2022/re-spun-silkworm-silk.jpg
Video Sources: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
38:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/135960444-melatonin-hormone-molecule
44:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/46665554-animation-travelling-through-neurons-human-brain
49:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/145181192-hormone-melatonin-level
52:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/118327443-view-world-map-focusing-east-asia
54:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/91220972-human-bodyheartbrain-and-nervos-system-monitoring
55:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/257679591-orb-weaver-spider-flashlight
56:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/278535051-anatomy-and-functions-human-eye
59:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/153636557-zoom-close-footage-silkworm-eggs-white-paper
61:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/265379149-dna-mutation-or-genetic-modification
66:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/153794877-time-lapse-footage-new-born-silkworm
67:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/197200676-time-lapse-footage-crowded-silkworms
70:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/100896335-robotic-arm-moving-its-fingers-while-lying-table
71:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/102131258-fist-robotic-hand-clenching-close
73:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/98229284-industrial-equipment-testing-carbon-fiber-break
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 3 for all consolidated references for all parts.
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