Part 58 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo Size 4096 × 4096 8.25 MB Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN R 1279–1368 AD Yuan Dynasty & Mongol 元朝 16 Emperors Duration: 89 Years • Delhi Sultanate India 1206–1527 AD • Chagatai Khanate Transoxania Central Asia 1225–1687 AD • Tlemcen Kingdom Algeria Africa 1235–1556 AD • Mali Empire West Africa 1235–1610 AD From [ https://www.albert.io ]: Geography, the Camel, and the Foundation of Trade : The Sahara Desert spans approximately 9 million square kilometers — larger than Australia — of sand, rock, and hardship. Crossing it on foot is nearly impossible; crossing it with wheeled vehicles is suicide. The domestication of the dromedary camel (single-humped, adapted to extreme arid heat) transformed the Sahara from an impassable barrier into a navigable corridor. From [Wikipedia]: The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of th...
Part 45
Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.
Click on PDF to download from Part 3
2023: [8.29] Notable innovations: CRISPR-freebase editing system without guide RNA that enabled also editing chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes with precision (CyDENT). Sourced from [twinkl.com] titled “What is a Chloroplast?” Chloroplasts are mostly oval-shaped blobs, but they can come in shapes like stars and ribbons too. A chloroplast is protected by a smooth outer membrane which holds all of its material. They contain chlorophyll, which is the pigment that gives plants their green colour. Chloroplasts are important to the growth of the plant because they turn sunlight into energy for the plant to use. This is a process called photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are multi-talented. They also store energy for the plant cell and fight off diseases. They are an important part of the cell’s immune system which helps it to stay healthy. Just like humans, plants can also catch diseases. It is important for the chloroplasts to be able to protect the plant from any nasty illnesses that it might catch. Sourced from [sciencedirect.com]; DNA is a string (linear or open in the nuclear genome and circular or closed in the mitochondrial genome) of paired nucleotides or base pairs (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, ACGT, where A pairs with T and C pairs with G), which has been near-completed by sequencing and is estimated to be over 3 billion base pairs (bp) in length. Sourced from [www.broadinstitute.org] titled “Questions and Answers about CRISPR”. “CRISPR” (pronounced “crisper”) stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, which are the hallmark of a bacterial defense system that forms the basis for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. In the field of genome engineering, the term “CRISPR” or “CRISPR-Cas9” is often used loosely to refer to the various CRISPR-Cas9 and -CPF1, (and other) systems that can be programmed to target specific stretches of genetic code and to edit DNA at precise locations, as well as for other purposes, such as for new diagnostic tools. With these systems, researchers can permanently modify genes in living cells and organisms and, in the future, may make it possible to correct mutations at precise locations in the human genome in order to treat genetic causes of disease. Other systems are now available, such as CRISPR-Cas13’s, that target RNA provide alternate avenues for use, and with unique characteristics that have been leveraged for sensitive diagnostic tools, such as SHERLOCK. CRISPRs were first discovered in archaea (and later in bacteria) by Francisco Mojica, a scientist at the University of Alicante in Spain. He proposed that CRISPRs serve as part of the bacterial immune system, defending against invading viruses. They consist of repeating sequences of genetic code, interrupted by “spacer” sequences, remnants of genetic code from past invaders. The system serves as a genetic memory that helps the cell detect and destroy invaders (called “bacteriophage”) when they return. Mojica’s theory was experimentally demonstrated in 2007 by a team of scientists led by Philippe Horvath. In January 2013, the Zhang lab published the first method to engineer CRISPR to edit the genome in mouse and human cells. CRISPR “spacer” sequences are transcribed into short RNA sequences (“CRISPR RNAs” or “crRNAs”) capable of guiding the system to matching sequences of DNA. When the target DNA is found, Cas9, one of the enzymes produced by the CRISPR system, binds to the DNA and cuts it, shutting the targeted gene off. Using modified versions of Cas9, researchers can activate gene expression instead of cutting the DNA. These techniques allow researchers to study the gene’s function. Research also suggests that CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to target and modify “typos” in the three-billion-letter sequence of the human genome in an effort to treat genetic disease. CRISPR-Cas9 is proving to be an efficient and customizable alternative to other existing genome editing tools. Since the CRISPR-Cas9 system itself is capable of cutting DNA strands, CRISPRs do not need to be paired with separate cleaving enzymes as other tools do. They can also easily be matched with tailor-made “guide” RNA (gRNA) sequences designed to lead them to their DNA targets. Tens of thousands of such gRNA sequences have already been created and are available to the research community.
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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
1:https://res.cloudinary.com/jerrick/image/upload/c_scale,f_jpg,q_auto/646e4d3be30df9001dfab98d.jpg
4:https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tr/raw/upload/t/images/Twinkl_Logo_300dpi.jpg
5:https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Cyb0_sHXgAAbGH0?format=jpg&name=medium
6:https://i.ytimg.com/vi/C5nAg31efbk/sddefault.jpg
8:https://outcomesbasedhealthcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/science-direct-logo.png
10:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780443214417000662-f00066-01-9780443214417.jpg
11:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/292030357071557220/
13:https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/biology/dna-structure-types-functions/
16:https://www.lindau-nobel.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/CRISPR_Header.jpg
17:https://innovativegenomics.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Cas9-Nature-vs-Lab.png
22:https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Difference-Between-DNA-and-RNA.png
26:https://innovativegenomics.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/CRISPR-Cas-immunity.png
28:https://rsscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/archaea-vs-bacteria.jpg
29:https://conductscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/04-Front.png
30:https://vilcek.org/images/content/1/0/v3/1090702.jpg?_=1521499999786
31:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0092867414006047-gr6_lrg.jpg
33:https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GIChCJAW8AAs1Qq?format=jpg&name=small
35:https://hobb.imgix.net/Decode-9.jpeg
36:https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81X+3nI+j0L._UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.jpg
38:https://www.whatisepigenetics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/CRISPR-Cas9-biologist.jpg
Video Sources: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:
47:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/171197216-leaf-cells-division-chloroplast-under-microscope
50:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/38367985-chlorophyll-chlorella-algae-green-superfood
55:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/117585643-bacteriophage-virus-attacking-bacterium
57:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/178539064-crispr-cas-9-cutting-dna
64:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/246936438-dna-unwinding-labels-3d-animation
65:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/94823379-definition-crispr
66:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/63750747-bacteriophage-virus-killing-bacteria
74:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0092867414006047-mmc1.mp4
76:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/158863409-sequencing-human-dna-screen-raw-data
79:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/50238018-crisprcas9-rotating-model
81:https://makeagif.com/amp/l45NM0
Consulted References:
Refer to Part 3 for all consolidated references for all parts.
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