Part 46 The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Part 46

Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.

Click on PDF to download from Part 3

2023: [8.29] Notable innovations: CRISPR-freebase editing system without guide RNA that enabled also editing chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes with precision (CyDENT). Sourced from [www.broadinstitute.org] titled “Questions and Answers about CRISPR”. CRISPR-Cas9 can also be used to target multiple genes simultaneously, which is another advantage that sets it apart from other gene-editing tools. CRISPR genome editing allows scientists to quickly create cell and animal models, which researchers can use to accelerate research into diseases such as cancer and mental illness. In addition, CRISPR is now being developed as a rapid diagnostic. To help encourage this type of research worldwide, Feng Zhang and his team have trained thousands of researchers in the use of CRISPR genome editing technology through direct education and by sharing more than 40,000 CRISPR components with academic laboratories around the world. RNA-guided programmable nucleases from CRISPR systems generate precise breaks in DNA or RNA at specified positions. In cells, this activity can lead to changes in DNA sequence or RNA transcript abundance. Sourced from [U.S National Institute of Health] titled “Base editing: precision chemistry on the genome and transcriptome of living cells.” Base editing is a newer genome editing approach that uses components from CRISPR systems together with other enzymes to directly install point mutations into cellular DNA or RNA without making double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). DNA base editors comprise a catalytically disabled nuclease fused to a nucleobase deaminase enzyme and, in some cases, a DNA glycosylase inhibitor. Nucleobase deaminases are essential enzymes that are involved in the catabolic pathway and stringently regulate the concentration of the nucleobase derivative pool, which is paramount for nucleotide recycling. DNA glycosylases play a key role in the elimination of such DNA lesions; they recognize and excise damaged bases, thereby initiating a repair process that restores the regular DNA structure with high accuracy. A DNA lesion is a chemical change that occurs when a base is missing or has changed chemically, or when there is a break in the sugar-and-phosphate backbone of DNA. Such lesions happen 10,000 times a day in a single human cell. RNA base editors achieve analogous changes using components that target RNA. RNA base editing refers to the rewriting of genetic information within an intact RNA molecule and serves various functions, such as evasion of the endogenous “part of the internal” immune system and regulation of protein function. To achieve this, certain enzymes have been discovered in human cells that catalyze the conversion of one nucleobase into another. This natural process could be exploited to manipulate and re-code any base in a target transcript. In contrast to DNA base editing, analogous changes introduced in RNA are not permanent or inheritable but rather allow reversible and doseable effects that appeal to various therapeutic applications. The current practice of RNA base editing involves the deamination of adenosines and cytidines, which are converted to inosines and uridines, respectively. Base editors directly convert one base or base pair into another, enabling the efficient installation of point mutations in non-dividing cells without generating excess undesired editing byproducts. In this Review, we summarize base editing strategies to generate specific and precise point mutations in genomic DNA and RNA, highlight recent developments that expand the scope, specificity, precision, and in vivo delivery of base editors, and discuss limitations and future directions of base editing for research and therapeutic applications.

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Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://innovativegenomics.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Cas9-Nature-vs-Lab.png

2:https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1359734523026241-d3cc00962a-f1_lrg.jpg

3:https://i.ytimg.com/vi/C5nAg31efbk/sddefault.jpg

4:https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11259-022-09967-8/MediaObjects/11259_2022_9967_Fig4_HTML.png

5:https://news.mit.edu/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__image_gallery/public/images/201404/CRISPR_DNA.jpg?itok=CFXIP08C

6:https://geneticliteracyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/CRISPR-pe508k8n6c8gt31mwalvgfmawswv4fx2q0gkblvqm8.jpg

7:https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41392-023-01309-7/MediaObjects/41392_2023_1309_Fig6_HTML.png?as=webp

8:https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E12AQGrQ9Z2lf15cQ/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1737340899868?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=oDhOUd6OPGBbUkUZZ1-hxM5k9Q65LW93F3bw-nGvXZg