Part 58 Article: Timeline My Blog Title: The untold the retold Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo Size 4096 × 4096 8.25 MB Click on PDF to download from Part 1 COLUMN R 1279–1368 AD Yuan Dynasty & Mongol 元朝 16 Emperors Duration: 89 Years • Delhi Sultanate India 1206–1527 AD • Chagatai Khanate Transoxania Central Asia 1225–1687 AD • Tlemcen Kingdom Algeria Africa 1235–1556 AD • Mali Empire West Africa 1235–1610 AD From [ https://www.albert.io ]: Geography, the Camel, and the Foundation of Trade : The Sahara Desert spans approximately 9 million square kilometers — larger than Australia — of sand, rock, and hardship. Crossing it on foot is nearly impossible; crossing it with wheeled vehicles is suicide. The domestication of the dromedary camel (single-humped, adapted to extreme arid heat) transformed the Sahara from an impassable barrier into a navigable corridor. From [Wikipedia]: The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of th...
Part 47
Article: Biotechnology My Blog Title: The world, from the past to the present, retold from the timelines.
Click on PDF to download from Part 3
2023: [8.29] Notable innovations: CRISPR-freebase editing system without guide RNA that enabled also editing chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes with precision (CyDENT). In a study published in Nature Biotechnology on Aug. 28, GAO Caixia’s group at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and her collaborators at Qi Biodesign had reported a modular, CRISPR-free base editing system, which they called CyDENT, to achieve effective base editing in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast genomes of plant and human cells. Genome editing enabled the efficient and precise modification of genetic information in living organisms, revolutionizing life science research as a whole. In recent years, the advent of base editing technology had made genome editing even more precise and predictable. David Liu’s lab at the Broad Institute and Harvard University had pioneered the development of base editing. Cas9 nickases composed of guide RNA and a mutant form of Cas9; single-stranded DNA abbreviated ssDNA; deaminase is an enzyme that acts on RNA molecules by converting adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA. By fusing a nickase Cas9 with ssDNA-specific deaminases, they had successively developed the cytosine base editor (CBE) and adenine base editor (ABE) systems, which allowed efficient C·G-to-T·A or A·T-to-G·C base conversions in the nuclear genome, respectively. DddAtox is the deaminase catalytic domain derived from Burkholderia cenocepacia. Burkholderia cenocepacia, a potentially deadly opportunistic pathogen has been appreciated for some time that this bacterium can survive within some professional phagocytes (i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells), and how the bacteria accomplish this feat is not well understood. A phagocyte is a type of white blood cell, a type of immune cell, that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material such as bacteria, carbon, dust, or dye and remove dead cells. Macrophages are large, specialized cells in the immune system that recognize, engulf and destroy infecting or damaged cells. Dendritic cells are a family of antigen-presenting cells that are key regulators of immune tolerance and protection. Double stranded DNA is abbreviated “dsDNA”. DddA-derived cytosine base editor (DdCBE) enabled the precise manipulation of Mitochondrial DNA. Subsequently, they used a newly identified dsDNA-specific deaminase, DddAtox, to develop DdCBE, which enables efficient C·G-to-T·A in organellar genomes. In general, plants harbor two different organelle genomes (mitochondria and chloroplasts). In addition to the nuclear genome, the organelle genome contains genes related to the growth and development of species. Jin-Soo Kim’s lab built on DdCBE to develop TALED to achieve A·T-to-G·C base editing in mitochondrial genomes. However, due to the dsDNA deamination properties of DddAtox, the DdCBE and TALED systems generated additional unintended off-target edits. Mitochondrial DNA base editors is abbreviated (mitoBEs). Recently, WEI Wensheng's team at Peking University had developed DddAtox-independent base editors, called mitoBEs, which improved the precision of mitochondrial base editing. Transcription-activator-like effector is abbreviated (TALE). FokI is a member of an unusual class of restriction enzymes that recognize a specific DNA sequence and cleave nonspecifically a short distance away from that sequence. In this study, according to GAO, CyDENT consisted of a pair of TALEs fused to a FokI nickase, a single-strand specific cytidine deaminase, an exonuclease and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor peptide. Primarily, exonucleases play a critical role in the maintenance of genomic material, as most DNA repair pathways rely on an exonuclease to excise damaged nucleotides (e.g., nucleotide excision repair, double-strand break (DSB) repair, base excision repair). Uracil-DNA glycosylase is a critical DNA repair enzyme that is well conserved and ubiquitous in nearly all life forms. Uracil-DNA glycosylase protects genomic information integrity by catalyzing the excision from DNA of uracil nucleobases resulting from misincorporation or spontaneous cytosine deamination.
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28:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6775713/
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85:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/260118616-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-bacteria
88:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/277294454-animal-cell-and-plant-cell
89:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/43058283-protein-structure-dna
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Consulted References:
Refer to Part 3 for all consolidated references for all parts.
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