Part 17 Timeline_the untold

Part 17 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 17
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

From [www.worldhistory.org]: The Reconquista (Reconquest) or Iberian Crusades were military campaigns largely conducted between the 11th and 13th century CE to liberate southern Portuguese and Spanish territories, then known as al-Andalus, from the Muslim Moors who had conquered and held them since the 8th century CE. With the backing of popes and attracting Christian knights from across Europe, including the main military orders, the successful campaigns ended by the final stages of the 13th century CE when only heavily fortified Granada remained in Muslim hands. From [www.ebsco.com]: The Reconquista, meaning "reconquest," refers to the historical period during which the Catholic kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula fought to reclaim territories under Muslim control, a struggle that extended from the early 8th century until the fall of Granada in 1492. From [www.worldatlas.com]: A peninsula is a piece of land almost surrounded by water and connected to the mainland on at least one side. Thus, it is a landform extending from a mainland into a water body such as an ocean or sea. The Iberian Peninsula is located on Europe’s southwestern tip. It is part of the southern Europe peninsula, which comprises three peninsulas; Iberian, Balkan, and Italian peninsulas. The Iberian is the westernmost peninsula of the three peninsulas. The Iberian Peninsula’s southern tip is separated from the Africa continent by the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. At the narrowest point, the peninsula is only 8 kilometers from Africa, specifically Morocco. The Iberian Peninsula is separated from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees mountain range located between France and Spain. The peninsula is mainly occupied by Spain and Portugal. However, it also comprises Andorra, part of Southern France (part of the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales), and Gibraltar (British overseas territory). Spain’s European continental territory is located entirely on the peninsula. It also occupies much of the landform, including the northwest, east, and central parts.

What were the Crusades? From [https://www.bbc.co.uk]: The importance of the Holy Land: In the Middle Ages, the Islamic world stretched from India, in South Asia, to Spain, in Western Europe, and included Jerusalem and the Holy Land. For Jewish people, Christians and Muslims, Jerusalem was and still is a holy city and a destination for pilgrimage. For Christians, Jerusalem is the place where they believe Jesus died and was buried. Christian pilgrims had come to the city for centuries. To Muslims, it is considered to be a holy site, where they believe Prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven from Jerusalem. Arab Muslims conquered the Holy Land in 638. The Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa mosque are sites of pilgrimage for Muslims. For Jewish people, Jerusalem is important; it is seen as the centre of the world, and is believed to be the site where Abraham, the founder of Judaism, was prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac, as God tested his devotion to his faith. The Crusades were not only significant for religious reasons - they were also politically significant. European rulers believed success in ‘winning back’ the Holy Land would secure their power and legacy as a successful leader. The Crusades were encouraged by the Pope, so leaders also believed they were doing God’s work by fighting for control of the Holy Land. The Crusades were economically significant too. They opened up new opportunities for trade. Crusaders brought back new spices and textiles from the Holy Land and the wider Islamic world. New trade routes were established, meaning more goods could be bought and sold both across Europe, and with the Middle East.

From [Wikipedia]: A massacre is an event of killing people who are not engaged in hostilities or are defenseless. It is generally used to describe a targeted mass killing of civilians by an armed group or person. From [Wikipedia]: Robert Melson (1982) in the context of the "Hamidian massacres" used a "basic working definition" of "by massacre we shall mean the intentional killing by political actors of a significant number of relatively defenseless people... the motives for massacre need not be rational in order for the killings to be intentional... Mass killings can be carried out for various reasons, including a response to false rumors... political massacre... should be distinguished from criminal or pathological mass killings... as political bodies we of course include the state and its agencies, but also nonstate actors..." From [Wikipedia]: Similarly, Levene (1999) attempts an objective classification of "massacres" throughout history, taking the term to refer to killings carried out by groups using overwhelming force against defenseless victims. He is excepting certain cases of mass executions, requiring that massacres must have the quality of being morally unacceptable.

From [https://dictionary.cambridge.org]: Revolt definition: to take violent action against authority, or to refuse to be controlled or ruled. [www.vocabulary.com] Source: Revolt means to rise up against an authority in an act of rebellion. You might see an opposition group revolt against a government. [www.ebsco.com] Source: A revolt is defined as an attempt to break away from or rise against established authority. Rebellion goes further, suggesting the manner and extent to which that person will resist those government demands. Insurgency represents a less structured form of resistance, often lacking the comprehensive organization characteristic of revolutionary movements. Revolt, rebellion, and insurgency are distinct forms of resistance against established authority, each with its own nuances.

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1:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1He9PEECja/

2:https://www.facebook.com/share/1AGEFcgEDi/

3:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus#/media/File%3AAl-Andalus732.svg

4:https://gertitashkomd.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Tashko-Crusades-1095-1291.jpg

5:https://pin.it/7qt6HWm8t

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/1BRyMiu6Gz/

7:https://slguardian.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Clermont_Event.jpg

8:https://warhistory.org/media/2024/12/la_rendicion_de_granada-tv.jpg