Part 40 Timeline_the untold

Part 40 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 40
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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COLUMN P

907 AD to 960 AD

5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms

Duration: 53 years

Medieval interaction and trade relations

From [AI overview] & myself amendments: Medieval interaction between the Tang Dynasty, Khmer Empire, Tondo Kingdom, Srivijaya Empire, Pandyan Dynasty, and Chola Empire was driven by the Maritime Silk Road. This period roughly 7th–13th century saw unprecedented cultural exchange, with maritime, merchant-driven interaction leading to the spread of art, religion, and commercial law across the Bay of Bengal. Pandyan Dynasty (India): Alongside the Chola, the Pandyans contributed to the Tamil dominance of Indian Ocean commerce, facilitating the movement of textiles, precious metals, and ideas to Southeast Asia. Tondo Kingdom (Philippines): As a trading center, Tondo engaged in trade within the Southeast Asian network, interacting with traders passing through the South China Sea. Srivijaya Empire: Controlled the Malacca Strait, acting as a crucial intermediary between the Chola dynasty, Tang and Song dynasty China, and the Khmer. Khmer Empire, established in 802 AD, was part of this "Indianized" network, adapting Hindu and Buddhist influences in its architecture and administration, forming a cultural bloc with Indian states. Chola Empire (India) & Srivijaya: Cultural and Religious Exchange: Tamil merchants built a Shiva temple, the Kaiyuan Temple, in China. Additionally, Chinese Buddhist monks traveled to India, and Indian influences in architecture appeared in Southeast Asia through these trade channels. The trade between the Chola Empire and China (primarily reaching its height in the late Tang and early Song dynasties, though initiating earlier) was a sophisticated, state-sponsored maritime network that relied on powerful merchant guilds, strategic naval power, and high-value luxury exchanges. The Cholas, controlling both the east and west coasts of India, utilized their navy to protect these trade routes across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia and onto the Chinese coast. Goods Traded: Exports from Chola: High-quality textiles (cotton), spices, drugs, jewels, ivory, and elephants. Imports from China: Copper coins, silk, incense, and porcelains. Key Aspects of Trade Relations: Maritime Routes: Instead of the overland Silk Road, the Cholas engaged in the Maritime Silk Route. Trade routes connected Tamil ports like Nagapattinam and Mamallapuram to ports in Malaysia, Indonesia (Srivijaya), and eventually to Chinese ports like Guangzhou. Merchant Guilds: Trade was often conducted by powerful autonomous mercantile corporations or “guilds” such as the Nanadesis, which had their own armies for the protection of their merchandise. State-Sponsored Embassies: Chola kings, including Rajendra 1st and Kulothunga 1st, sent official embassies (including ambassadors and merchants) to the Chinese court. A recorded trade embassy from "Chulian" (Chola) reached China in 1077. Chulian (or Zhulian) is the name used in Chinese Song Dynasty records to refer to the Chola Dynasty of South India. The Chola Dynasty was a powerful Tamil empire that ruled from the 9th to the 13th century, renowned for its military, naval, and maritime trade prowess.

Idrisid Dynasty: present-day Morocco and parts
of present-day western Algeria

788 AD to 974 AD

Ghana empire Western Mali Africa
790 AD to 1240 AD
Khmer empire Angkor
802 AD to 1431 AD
Samanid empire: Persia where is now eastern Iran and Uzbekistan
819 AD to 999 AD
Kara Khanid Khanate Dynasty Turkistan 840 AD to 1212 AD
Saffarid Dynasty Afghanistan
867 AD to 1002 AD
Norwegian Kingdom Norway
872 AD to 1814 AD
Tondo Kingdom Philippine
900 AD to 1587 AD
Fatimid Caliphate Dynasty Egypt
909 AD to 1171 AD
Goryeo Dynasty Korea
918 AD to 1392 AD

From [https://mydramalist.com]: Goryeo was a Korean dynastic kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae, who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Tu'i Tonga empire: Pacific Ocean
950 AD to 1865 AD

From [Wikipedia]: It was centred in Tonga on the island of Tongatapu, with its capital at Muʻa. Modern researchers and cultural experts attest to widespread Tongan influence, evidence of transoceanic trade and exchange of material and non-material cultural artefacts. Captain James Cook observed and recorded his accounts of the Tuʻi Tonga kings during his visits to the Friendly Isles of Tonga.

Goryeo–Khitan Wars Korea
[death toll 90,000÷2]
993 AD to 1019 AD

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Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[audioknap-the-china-430138]

[audioknap-epic-448498]

Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

1:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Dwb9c4z7r/

2:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chola_Empire_map_corrected-01.svg

3:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GzezvBLEu/

4:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CjDREdDpm/

5:https://talesofbharat.com/the-mighty-chola-navy-unveiling-indias-first-blue-water-maritime-power/

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DinRhLcs2/

7:https://www.indicinspirations.com/products/india-maritime-history-of-4-millenia-a0-size-map?srsltid=AfmBOop8AhtaS8TwDiI7Es6CG72v37D9T6iaja5jS8ElT7c6BpRHFjeZ

8:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CBj1cuU2s/

9:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18LHUqvgmR/