Part 48 Timeline_the untold

Part 48 Timeline_the untold_the retold

Part 48
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN Q

960 AD to 1279 AD

Song Dynasty China

18 Emperors

Duration: 319 Years

Delhi Sultanate India 1206 AD to 1527 AD From [Wikipedia]: The establishment of the Sultanate drew the Indian subcontinent more closely into international and multicultural Islamic social and economic networks, as seen concretely in the development of the Hindustani language and Indo-Islamic architecture. It was also one of the few powers to repel attacks by the Mongols (from the Chagatai Khanate). The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent under Muhammad bin Tughluq. A major political transformation occurred across North India, triggered by the Central Asian king Timur's devastating raid on Delhi in 1398, followed soon afterwards by the re-emergence of rival Hindu powers such as Vijayanagara Empire and Kingdom of Mewar asserting independence, and new Muslim sultanates such as the Bengal and Bahmani Sultanates breaking off. Timur 1336–1405 AD, or Tamerlane, was a 14th-century Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire renowned as a brilliant military strategist who never lost a major battle; he was a brutal conqueror whose campaigns caused massive loss of life.
Massacre at Béziers Albigensian Crusade France [death toll 15,000] in the year of 1209 AD
Albigensian Crusade France [death toll 447,214] 1209 AD to 1229 AD
Albigensian Crusade Cathar genocide (France) [death toll 1,000,000] 1209 AD to 1229 AD
•North Sea flood, storm surge Holy Roman Empire

[death toll 60,000] 1212 AD

St. Marcellus flood, storm surge Holy Roman Empire

[death toll 36,000] 1219 AD

Thessalonica Empire: Epirus northern Greece

1224 AD to 1246 AD

Chagatai Khanate Transoxania Central Asia 1225 AD to 1687 AD

From [Wikipedia]: Due to the lack of contemporary records, estimates of the violence associated with the Mongol conquests vary considerably. Not including the mortality from the Black Death in Europe, West Asia, or China it is possible that between 20 and 60 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaigns of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur. However, the book from which the figures originate has been criticized for its methodology and the Chinese censuses on which the estimates are based are considered unreliable. Nevertheless, the campaigns killed a large number of people and involved battles, sieges, early biological warfare, and massacres. From [AI overview]: Between 1206 and 1368, the Mongol Empire used biological warfare by catapulting plague-infected corpses over city walls to spread disease. This tactic, along with psychological warfare and total destruction of resisting cities, was part of a broader military strategy that included, use of, human shields. Siege of Caffa 1346: Mongol forces used catapults to launch bodies of soldiers who died from the plague into the city of Caffa southeastern coast of the Crimean Peninsula, which is considered one of the first recorded instances of biological warfare. While biological attacks were rare, the Mongol war machine was characterized by ruthless tactics designed to terrify cities into surrender, including destroying entire populations that refused to submit. From [Wikipedia]: Chagatai Khan was a son of Genghis Khan, a prominent figure in the early Mongol Empire, and the first khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Chagatai was renowned for his expertise in Mongol laws and traditional customs, especially when it came to following the will of the Khan. From [www.amicusmongolia.com]: The Chagatai Khanate was established when Genghis Khan divided his vast empire among his four sons, assigning each an autonomous region to govern. His second son, Chagatai Khan, was given control over a large territory that included much of present-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, western Xinjiang (China), northern Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. The administrative capital of the Chagatai Khanate was Samarkand, a key hub for camel caravan trade routes across Central Asia. From [www.worldhistory.org]: His state was thus surrounded by what would become the other three Mongol khanates: the Ilkhanate to the west, the Golden Horde to the north, and the Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty Empire) to the east. Constantly at war with its neighbours, the khanate rarely achieved any stability and was overtaken by the Mongol leader Qaidu II for three decades from 1272 to 1301 CE. The precarious control of his own state did not deter Qaidu from trying to expand in the east at the expense of Kublai Khan's territory, an ambition he was supported in by many traditional Mongol leaders who viewed Kublai as too susceptible to Chinese ways and so, having deserted his Mongol roots, he similarly forfeited Mongol support in central Asia. The border between the two states would constantly fluctuate as battles were won and lost, cities captured and abandoned. Only after Qaidu's death in 1301 CE did the conflict end and, by 1304 CE, there was finally a relative peace across Asia, a period known as the Pax Mongolica. From [https://grokipedia.com]: Raised in an environment of constant tribal warfare and scarcity following Temüjin's father's death when Temüjin was young, Chagatai underwent rigorous training typical of Mongol aristocracy, emphasizing horsemanship, archery, hunting, and martial skills from childhood. This upbringing instilled a deep commitment to Mongol customary law, or Yassa, which Chagatai later enforced stringently, as evidenced by his early involvement in family disputes over adherence to these traditions. By adolescence, he accompanied his father in campaigns unifying Mongol tribes, such as against the Tatars and Naimans, gaining practical command experience that shaped his role as a military leader.

Tlemcen Kingdom Algeria Africa 1235 AD to 1556 AD

The next 7 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part 49 & 50

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